Isithombe: Impi Yama-Microscopic: Amaseli Omzimba Alwa Nezifo Ezibangelwa Amagciwane

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Amafayela ezithombe atholakalayo ukuze alandwe ngezansi awacindezelwe kakhulu futhi anesisombululo esiphezulu - futhi ngenxa yalokho, ikhwalithi ephezulu - kunezithombe ezifakwe ezihlokweni nasemakhasini akule webhusayithi, ezilungiselelwe kangcono usayizi wefayela ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa komkhawulokudonsa.

Usayizi ojwayelekile (1,536 x 1,024)

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Usayizi omkhulu (3,072 x 2,048)

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Usayizi omkhulu kakhulu (4,608 x 3,072)

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Usayizi omkhulu kakhulu (6,144 x 4,096)

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Usayizi omkhulu ngokwe-comic (1,048,576 x 699,051)

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Incazelo yesithombe

Isigcawu esinemininingwane eminingi, esenziwe ngedijithali esinomfanekiso omncane sibonisa impi ephawulekayo phakathi kwesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba somuntu kanye namagciwane ahlaselayo, esibonakala sengathi umbukeli uncishisiwe esikalini samaseli. Ukwakheka kubekwe endaweni efudumele, ebomvu yemvelo ebonisa izicubu noma igazi, kufiphazwe kancane ngemuva ukuze kugcinwe ukugxila ekusebenzelaneni okunamandla phakathi kwamangqamuzana omzimba kanye namagciwane. Izinhlayiya ezincane ezingenakubalwa ezikhazimulayo, izingcezu zemfucumfucu, kanye namachashaza alengayo okukhanya adlula endaweni yesehlakalo, okuqinisa umuzwa wempi yempi ephilayo enamandla.

Ngaphakathi kwesobunxele sesithombe, iseli elikhulu eliyindilinga eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka i-T cell libusa uhlaka. Ubuso balo bunobume futhi buqinile kancane, bumbozwe yizinhlayiya eziningi ezimfushane, ezifana nezipikili ezilunika ukubukeka okuhlukile, okucishe kube nezivikelo. Kusukela ngaphambili kwaleli seli le-T, umfudlana ohlanganisiwe wamandla akhanyayo, kagesi-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uqhuma ngaphandle, ujikeleza esikhaleni njengombani omncane. Lo msebe wamandla uqondiswe egciwaneni elingasesohlangothini lwesokudla sendawo, okubonisa ngokubonakalayo ukuhlasela okuqondiwe kweseli le-T kumaseli athelelekile noma angaphandle. Ukukhanya okuvela kula mandla kukhanyisa izinhlayiya eziseduze futhi kuveze ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okupholile endaweni ezungezile, okungafani kakhulu nemibala efudumele yamagciwane.

Ngakwesobunxele seseli i-T, i-macrophage emhlophe ibonakala njengeseli elikhulu, eliyindilinga elinobuso obuthambile, obucishe bube yi-gelatin. I-membrane yayo inwetshwa ibe yi-pseudopodia eminingi efana ne-tentacle efinyelela ngaphandle ngama-curve agelezayo, e-organic. Lawa ma-pseudopodia azungezwe yi-bacterium eluhlaza, enameva, enezici zayo eziqinile, ezifana nameva eziphikisana ne-tendrils ye-macrophage eguquguqukayo. Kubonakala sengathi i-bacterium isenqubweni yokugwinywa: izingxenye zobuso bayo ziyancibilika, ziqhekeka zibe yizicucu ezincane nezinhlayiya ezikhazimulayo njengoba idonselwa ngaphakathi. I-pseudopodia ye-macrophage yakha ikheji eliyingxenye elizungeze i-bacterium, iveza ngokubonakalayo inqubo ye-phagocytosis, lapho iseli lokuzivikela lidla khona umhlaseli.

Endaweni engezansi ephakathi yomfanekiso, iseli le-orenji elibulala imvelo (NK) lengeza elinye iphuzu elibalulekile. Leli seli le-NK licishe libe yindilinga kodwa limbozwe ngama-spikes nama-ridge amafushane, angalingani, okwenza libe nokuthungwa okuqinile nokunolaka. Umbala walo usukela ko-orenji ojulile kuya kokugqamile okuphuzi okuvuthayo, okubonisa ukushisa nokuqina. Ukusuka ebusweni balo, ama-tendril amaningana akhanyayo, akhanyayo wamandla anwebeka ngaphandle njengeziswebhu ezivuthayo. La ma-tendril ashaya inhlayiya enkulu yegciwane elinsomi ohlangothini lwesokudla lwesithombe. Igciwane liyindilinga, ligcwele amaprotheni amaningi afana nama-spike aphuma ngokulinganayo ebusweni balo, elinika isithunzi esifana nomqhele. Lapho ama-tendril amandla eseli le-NK ehlasela khona igciwane, kuqhuma ukukhanya okuncane kanye nokungcola—izingcezu ezincane zegobolondo legciwane kanye nezinhlayiya ezikhanyayo ziyahlakazeka ngaphandle, okubonisa ukuthi igciwane liyalimala noma liyabhujiswa.

Kusakazeke nxazonke zesigameko kukhona amaseli e-B amancane, ayindilinga aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lawa maseli abushelelezi futhi aqinile kuneseli le-T, anokwakheka okungabonakali ebusweni kodwa kuncane kakhulu. Kusukela kumaseli e-B, imifudlana yama-antibodies aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akhanyayo anomumo we-Y iphuma ngezindlela eziningi. Lawa ma-antibodies ahamba esikhaleni njengezibhamu ezincane eziqondiswayo, amanye aqondisa inhlayiya enkulu yegciwane elinsomi, amanye aqonde kubhaktheriya omise okwenduku esifundeni esingenhla kwesokudla sesithombe. Ama-antibodies aboniswa ngesimo se-Y esicacile, esibonakalayo, okwenza ubuwena bawo bucace ngisho nangesilinganiso esincane. Ukukhanya kwawo okuluhlaza okukhanyayo kugqama ngokumelene nesizinda esibomvu kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okupholile kwamaseli omzimba, kugcizelela ngokubonakalayo indima yawo njengezikhali zama-molecule eziqondile.

Ngemuva, amabhaktheriya amaningana anombala obomvu ophuzi ahamba endaweni ezungezile. Ade, aneziphetho eziyisiyingi kancane kanye nokuthungwa okucashile kobuso okubonisa izindonga zamaseli. Amanye abonakala ephelele, kanti amanye abonisa izimpawu zomonakalo, anemifantu emincane, izingcezu ezingekho, noma ukukhanya okuncane lapho ama-antibodies noma ukuhlaselwa kwamaseli omzimba kuwahlasele khona. Phakathi kwalezi zinduku kukhona izinhlayiya ezincane zegciwane eziluhlaza, ngayinye inomzimba oyindilinga kanye nezinsika ezimfushane, eziphinda igciwane elikhulu elinsomi kodwa ngezinga elincane. Lawa ma-pathogen angemuva anezela ukujula kanye nomongo, okuphakamisa ukuthi impi idlulela ngale kwengaphambili eliseduze.

Ngasohlangothini olungezansi kwesokudla lomfanekiso, i-neutrophil enkulu ebomvu ngokupinki ibandakanyeka kwesinye isenzo sokuzivikela. I-neutrophil inesimo esingajwayelekile, esinobukhulu obuthile, enolwelwesi oluthambile, oluthambile oluphuma ngaphandle kwezinye izindawo. Isenqubweni yokugwinya igciwane elincane eliluhlaza, elinameva, elifana nelidliwa yi-macrophage. Igciwane lizungezwe kancane ulwelwesi lwe-neutrophil, olugoba nxazonke njengegagasi. Eduze kwendawo yokuxhumana, izinhlayiya ezikhanyayo kanye nemifudlana yokukhanya engabonakali imelela ama-enzyme okugaya ukudla akhishwa ukuze aphule igciwane. Izinhlayiya zegciwane zibonakala sengathi ziyancibilika, futhi izingcezu ezincane ziyantanta, ziqinisa umuzwa wokubhujiswa okusebenzayo.

Kuyo yonke indawo, ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekudluliseni idrama nokunyakaza. Ukugqama okunamandla nokukhanya kuvela ezindaweni zokusebenzisana: umsebe wamandla aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ovela kuseli le-T, ama-tendril omlilo avela kuseli le-NK, ama-antibodies aluhlaza avela kuseli le-B, kanye nesifunda esicebile ngama-enzyme azungeze i-neutrophil. Le mithombo yokukhanya iveza ukubonakaliswa okucashile kanye nokushintsha kombala kumangqamuzana nezinhlayiya eziseduze, okudala ukuhlangana okucebile kwe-blues epholile, obomvu obufudumele, ama-orenji, kanye nophephuli. Ingemuva lihlala lifiphele kancane futhi libomvu kakhulu, lisikisela indawo yezicubu noma yegazi ngaphandle kokudonsa ukunaka kude nesenzo esiphakathi.

Ukwakheka okuphelele kulinganisela ugqozi lwesayensi nokuchazwa kobuciko. Uhlobo ngalunye lweseli lokuzivikela komzimba—iseli le-T, iseli le-B, iseli le-macrophage, iseli le-NK, kanye ne-neutrophil—luhlukile ngokubonakalayo ngombala, ukuthungwa, kanye nokuziphatha, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa izindima zalo empendulweni yokuzivikela komzimba. Amagciwane, okuhlanganisa inhlayiya enkulu yegciwane elinsomi, amagciwane amancane aluhlaza, kanye namabhaktheriya anomumo wenduku, aklanywa ngendlela efanayo kodwa abonakala ngokucacile njengabahlaseli bakwamanye amazwe. Isithombe sithwebula umzuzu oqandisiwe empini eqhubekayo encane, sigcizelela kokubili ubunzima kanye namandla esistimu yokuzivikela komzimba njengoba ikhomba, ihlasela, futhi iqeda izinsongo emzimbeni.

Isithombe sihlobene: Umhlahlandlela Wezinzuzo Zezempilo Zama-Dandelion