Ukushintsha Idrayivu Ehlulekile ku-mdadm Array ku-Ubuntu
Kushicilelwe: Februwari 15, 2025 22:09:44 UTC
Igcine ukubuyekezwa: Januwari 12, 2026 08:50:23 UTC
Uma usesimweni esesabekayo sokuba ne-drive failure ku-mdadm RAID array, lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi ungayishintsha kanjani ngendlela efanele ohlelweni lwe-Ubuntu.
Replacing a Failed Drive in an mdadm Array on Ubuntu
Ulwazi olukulesi sihloko lusekelwe ku-Ubuntu 18.04 kanye nenguqulo ye-mdadm efakiwe ezindaweni zayo zokugcina; ngesikhathi sokubhala i-v4.1-rc1. Kungenzeka ukuthi iyasebenza noma ayisebenzi kwezinye izinguqulo.
Muva nje ngibe nokwehluleka kwedrayivu ngokuzumayo kuseva yami yamafayela yasekhaya, equkethe amadrayivu ayisishiyagalolunye ku-mdadm RAID-6 array. Lokho kuyethusa njalo, kodwa ngenhlanhla ngakwazi ukuthola ngokushesha idrayivu entsha eyayisivele ilethwe ngosuku olulandelayo ukuze ngikwazi ukuqala kabusha.
Kuyavunywa ukuthi ngangishibhile kakhulu lapho ngiqala ukusetha iseva yamafayela; ama-drive amabili kuphela angama-NAS drive angempela (i-Seagate IronWolf), kanti amanye angama-desktop drive (i-Seagate Barracuda). Akumangazi ukuthi kwakungenye yama-desktop drive ayeyeke ukusebenza (ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe mithathu yesevisi). Yayifile ngokuphelele; ngemva kokuyithuthela endaweni yokugcina i-USB yedeskithophu engikutholile kwakuwumsindo wokuchofoza ongajabulisi futhi i-Ubuntu 20.04 kanye ne-Windows 10 azikwazanga ukuyibona.
O, qhubeka nengxenye yokufaka esikhundleni (futhi yebo, idrayivu entsha engiyithengile kwakuyi-IronWolf, isifundo esisifundile) - nakuba ithusa njengoba ilahlekelwa yidrayivu ku-running array, iyesabeka nakakhulu uma ungayazi inqubo efanele yokuyishintsha. Akusikho okokuqala ukuthi ngifake esikhundleni sedrayivu ehlulekile ku-mdadm array, kodwa ngenhlanhla akuvamile kangangokuthi ngokuvamile kufanele ngibheke imiyalo efanele. Kulokhu nginqume ukwenza umhlahlandlela wami omncane ukuze ngiwubhekisele esikhathini esizayo.
Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, uma uthola i-imeyili ye-fail esabekayo evela ku-mdadm, udinga ukukhomba ukuthi iyiphi idrayivu ehlulekile. Impela, izokutshela igama ledivayisi (kimi /dev/sdf), kodwa cishe akucaci ukuthi iyiphi idrayivu ebonakalayo njengoba lawo magama angashintsha lapho umshini uqalwa.
Uma ungaqiniseki nokuthi yiliphi igama ledivayisi elihlulekile, ungasebenzisa umyalo olandelayo ukuthola (faka esikhundleni se-/dev/md0 ngedivayisi yakho ye-RAID):
Njengoba kushiwo, kimi kwakuyi-/dev/sdf, ngakho-ke ake siqhubeke nalokho.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ungazama ukuthola inombolo ye-serial yedrayivu ehlulekile ngokukhipha lo myalo:
(uma i-smartctl ingatholakali, udinga ukufaka iphakheji ye-smartmontools ku-Ubuntu)
Inombolo yochungechunge ingaqhathaniswa nezinombolo zochungechunge ezikulebula ebonakalayo kumadrayivu ukuze kutholakale ukuthi iyiphi ehlulekile.
Nokho, kulokhu angizange ngibe nenhlanhla kangako. Idrayivu yayingasekho nhlobo futhi yenqaba ngisho nokuhlinzeka nge-SMART noma olunye ulwazi, okuhlanganisa nenombolo yochungechunge.
Njengoba nganginokufinyelela ngokomzimba kuseva (okuyidingayo ngempela uma uzoshintsha idrayivu ebonakalayo ngokwakho, ngicabanga ;-)) futhi iseva empeleni yayisebenza lapho idiski yehluleka (futhi yaqhubeka isebenza kahle ngenxa yokweqiwa kwe-RAID-6), ngasebenzisa indlela endala kakhulu, kodwa empeleni esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi esobala, yokukopisha ifayela elikhulu kuseva bese ngibheka ukuthi yiliphi i-HDD light engakhanyi. Ngemizuzwana embalwa ngase ngithole imbangela.
Manje, ngaphambi kokukhipha idrayivu ebonakalayo, kungumqondo omuhle ukwazisa ngokusemthethweni i-mdadm ngale nhloso, ngokukhipha lo myalo (faka amagama edivayisi esikhundleni sakho njengoba kufanele):
Uma iphumelela, i-mdadm izophendula ngomyalezo othi "isuse kakhulu" idrayivu, ngokusobala ngoba idivayisi yokuhlasela ebonakalayo yayisebenza ngaleso sikhathi.
Uma yehluleka ngomyalezo wephutha ofana nokuthi "idivayisi noma izinsiza zimatasa", kungenzeka ukuthi i-mdadm empeleni ayibhalisanga idrayivu ukuthi yehlulekile ngokuphelele. Ukuze ikwenze lokho, khipha lo myalo (futhi, khumbula ukufaka amagama edivayisi esikhundleni sawo njengoba kufanele):
Ngemuva kwalokho, kufanele ukwazi ukususa idivayisi ku-array ngomyalo wangaphambilini.
Manje sekuyisikhathi sokushintsha idrayivu. Uma uqinisekile ngempela, ngempela - njengokuqiniseka - ukuthi umshini wakho kanye nesilawuli sakho kuyasekela ukushintshana okushisayo, ungakwenza lokhu ngaphandle kokuvala umshini. Leyo kungaba yindlela yokuqhubeka nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezibalulekile ezisebenza kuhadiwe yeseva yangempela, efanele owaziyo ukuthi ingayisingatha. Iseva yami yefayela lasekhaya isekelwe kubhodi yedeskithophu yezinga lomthengi enezilawuli ezimbalwa ze-SATA ezingasho lutho kuma-slots e-PCIe ukuze inikeze amachweba e-SATA engeziwe, noma kunjalo.
Nakuba i-SATA ngokuvamile kufanele isekele ukushintshana okushisa, bengingeke ngibeke engcupheni noma yini kulokhu kusethwa, ngakho-ke ngikhethe ukuvala umshini ngenkathi ngishintsha idrayivu.
Ngaphambi kokwenza lokho, kungumqondo omuhle ukuphawula ngedivayisi ye-raid kufayela le-/etc/fstab ukuze i-Ubuntu ingazami ukuyifaka ngokuzenzakalelayo ebhuthini elilandelayo, ngoba ingase ilenge futhi ikuphoqe ukuba ungene kwimodi yokutakula ngenxa ye-RAID array eyonakele. Lokho kungase kungabi yinkinga enkulu uma kuyisistimu yedeskithophu, kodwa ngisebenzisa le seva ngaphandle kwekhanda ngaphandle kwemonitha noma ikhibhodi enamathiselwe, ngakho lokhu kungaba inkinga encane.
Ngemva kokuqalisa umshini ngedrayivu entsha ecwebezelayo efakiwe, sebenzisa i-lsblk noma enye indlela yokuwubona. Uma ungakashintshi lutho olunye, cishe (kodwa hhayi ngempela) luzothola igama elifanayo nedrayivu oyishintshile. Endabeni yami, yathola igama elifanayo, ngakho entsha ibizwa nangokuthi i-/dev/sdf.
Njengoba uhlu lwami lusekelwe kuma-partition hhayi kumadivayisi angokoqobo, kwakudingeka ngikopishe ithebula lokuhlukanisa kusukela kudrayivu esebenzayo kuya kudrayivu entsha ukuze ngiqiniseke ukuthi lifana ncamashi. Uma usebenzisa uhlu lwakho kumadivayisi angokoqobo esikhundleni salokho, ungaleqa lesi sinyathelo.
Ngisebenzise i-sgdisk ngale njongo, ngikopisha ithebula lokuhlukanisa kusuka ku-/dev/sdc kuya ku-/dev/sdf. Qiniseka ukuthi ushintsha amagama edivayisi ukuze afane nawakho njengoba kufanele.
Qaphela i-oda lapha: ubhala uhlu lwe-"to" drive kuqala! Lokhu kungiphikisa kancane, kodwa qiniseka ukuthi ukwenze kahle ukuze ungaphinde uthole ukwehluleka kwe-drive ku-array ;-)
Bese ugwema izingxabano ze-UUID, khiqiza ama-UUID amasha edrayivu entsha:
Futhi manje ekugcineni isikhathi sesifikile sokwengeza idrayivu entsha ku-array bese uqala iphathi yokwakha kabusha! (Kulungile, akuyona ngempela iphathi, empeleni inqubo ehamba kancane futhi ethusayo njengoba ungafuni ngempela ukuthi enye idrayivu ihluleke ngalesi sikhathi. Ubhiya bungasiza, nokho)
Noma kunjalo, ukuze ungeze idrayivu entsha ku-array, khipha lo myalo (futhi, qiniseka ukuthi ushintsha amagama edivayisi ngeyakho njengoba kufanele):
Uma konke kuhamba kahle, idrayivu izongezwa ku-array ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ngikholwa ukuthi empeleni ingezwe njenge-"hot spare" ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa njengoba le array ingenayo idiski (leyo ehlulekile), isetshenziswa ngokushesha futhi inqubo yokwakha kabusha izoqala.
Ungakubheka kanje:
Lokhu cishe kuzothatha isikhathi; kuseva yami ephansi (ngokusekelwe kakhulu kuhadiwe yabathengi kanye namadrayivu edeskithophu, khumbula) ikwazile ukufinyelela ngaphansi kwe-100 MB/sec. Khumbula ukuthi lena yi-RAID-6, ngakho-ke kunezibalo eziningi zokulingana ezihilelekile ekwakheni kabusha; i-RAID-10 ngabe ishesha kakhulu. Lo mshini othile une-AMD A10 9700E quad core CPU (i-"E" okusho ukuthi iyimodeli eyonga amandla ngaphansi kwewashi, okungukuthi ayisheshi kakhulu), ukuze nje ikunike umbono wokuthi yini ongayilindela. Ngamadrayivu ayisishiyagalolunye angu-8 TB ekusethweni kwami, ukwakhiwa kabusha okuphelele kuthathe amahora angaphezu kwama-24.
Ngesikhathi sokwakha kabusha, ungafaka uhlelo lwefayela ku-array bese ulusebenzisa njengokujwayelekile uma ufisa, kodwa ngithanda ukulishiya ekwakheni kabusha kuze kube yilapho seliqedile. Khumbula ukuthi uma idrayivu eyodwa yehluleka, kungase kulandele enye maduze, ngakho-ke ufuna ukwakhiwa kabusha kwenziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka njengoba ungafuni ngempela ukuthi enye idrayivu yehluleke ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ungayithwalisi nge-IO engadingeki kangako.
Uma sekuqediwe, kufake kufayela lakho le-/etc/fstab, uqalise kabusha futhi ujabulele amafayela akho :-)