Miklix

Fermenting Beer with CellarScience Baja Yeast

Published: September 13, 2025 at 11:01:57 PM UTC

This article delves into CellarScience Baja Yeast, focusing on homebrewers in the United States. It explores performance, recipe design, practical tips, troubleshooting, storage, and community feedback. The goal is to help brewers achieve clean, crisp Mexican-style lagers. CellarScience Baja is a high-performance dry lager yeast available in 11 g packs. Homebrewers praise its consistent attenuation, quick fermentation start, and minimal off-flavors. This makes it an excellent choice for brewing cerveza-like beers.


Close-up of a chilled amber beer bottle with condensation against blurred brewing tanks in warm golden light.

Key Takeaways

  • CellarScience Baja Yeast is a dry lager yeast sold in 11 g packs and pitched for Mexican-style lagers.
  • Common strengths include reliable attenuation, clean fermentation, and fast activity.
  • Article will cover performance, recipe design, troubleshooting, and storage tips.
  • Suitable for brewers aiming for Modelo-like and Dos Equis-like profiles.
  • CellarScience is tied to MoreFlavor/MoreBeer; some community discussion exists about lab sourcing.

Why homebrewers choose CellarScience Baja Yeast

Homebrewers frequently inquire about the benefits of Baja yeast for lagers. Many highlight its clean, neutral profile, mirroring commercial Mexican-style lagers. This strain ensures predictable attenuation and a crisp finish, accentuating light malt and subtle corn adjuncts.

The practical advantages of Baja yeast are significant. Its compact 11 g dry packs reduce shipping costs and eliminate the need for constant refrigeration. This makes storage and handling easier for brewers without access to specialty shops.

Those who prefer cooler fermentations appreciate Baja yeast's performance at lager temperatures. It efficiently ferments in the lower range, resulting in a balanced malt character and minimal fruity esters. This performance is why many opt for it to achieve authentic Mexican-style lager yeast results.

Community trust also contributes to its popularity. Forums and local brew clubs commend CellarScience for its value. While some may express curiosity about its laboratory origins, the majority of feedback remains positive. This is due to the yeast's ability to consistently produce clean, drinkable beers.

  • Consistent attenuation for repeatable recipes
  • Economical dry format and longer shelf life
  • Works well at traditional lager temperatures
  • Good match for light, crisp Mexican-style lagers

CellarScience Baja Yeast

CellarScience Baja yeast is available in 11 g dry packs, ideal for small-batch and homebrew enthusiasts. Each pack is designed for batches ranging from single-gallon to five-gallons. Brewers typically pitch at rates between 2.5–4 g per gallon, adhering to a community standard.

The yeast thrives in an optimal fermentation range of 50–57°F. Many brewers pitch in the mid-to-high 50s, observing slight temperature fluctuations during fermentation. Maintaining a steady, cool environment is key to preserving a clean profile.

Expect efficient attenuation and a crisp, refreshing finish with minimal ester production. CellarScience touts this strain for clean lagering and balanced malt character. Consistent results and minimal off-flavors are common when fermentation and lagering practices are followed diligently.

Packaging origins are a topic of discussion among hobbyists. Some speculate repackaging by retail suppliers or sourcing from larger yeast labs like AEB or other producers. Despite these debates, the strain's performance in the fermenter remains unchanged.

  • Typical pitch guideline: 2.5–4 g per gallon for Baja 11g packs.
  • Fermentation temperature: aim for 50–57°F to match Baja yeast specs.
  • Flavor outcome: clean, crisp lagers when given proper lagering time.

For those aiming to brew authentic Mexican-style lagers, the CellarScience Baja profile is a viable option. Achieve the best results by maintaining steady temperatures, adhering to proper pitch rates, and allowing for patient conditioning. This will showcase the Mexican lager strain's full capabilities.

Key brewing parameters for successful Baja fermentations

Temperature control is critical. Aim for a Baja fermentation temp between 50–57°F for clean ester profiles and steady attenuation. Some brewers pitch slightly warmer, near 59°F, and allow a drift down into the low 50s as the yeast adapts.

Pitching rates are essential for early activity and yeast health. Follow packaging guidance of roughly 2.5–4 grams per gallon. Many homebrewers use one 11 g pack for about three gallons, which falls inside common pitching rates Baja users report.

Expect varied lag times. Visible activity can appear as early as 9–10 hours. Other brewers report up to 17 hours before the first gravity blip on a Tilt monitor. Plan for this range when scheduling fermentation checks.

Monitor fermentation speed and attenuation closely. Reports show worts around 1.050–1.052 finishing near 1.011–1.012, which equates to attenuation expectations around 77–80%. Some batches progress at roughly 2.1 gravity points per day, a steady but slow crawl.

Watch for transient sulfur and yeast notes. A light sulfur character or yeasty aroma may emerge early. These flavors typically dissipate during cold conditioning and lagering as the yeast cleans up byproducts.

  • Target lager yeast temp range: 50–57°F for best balance.
  • Follow pitching rates Baja: 2.5–4 g/gal or one 11 g pack for ~3 gal.
  • Plan for lag times from 9 to 17 hours before visible activity.
  • Set attenuation expectations near 77–80% for 1.050–1.052 worts.

Consistent temperature control and correct pitching set the stage for predictable fermentation. Keep gravity logs and be patient during the cleanup phase to reach the clean lager character many brewers seek.

Close-up of a bubbling amber liquid in a glass beaker on a stainless lab counter under warm golden light.

Recipe design tips for Mexican-style lagers with Baja

Begin with a simple Baja lager grain bill, centered on a clean base malt. Use 2-row or Pilsner malt for the majority of the grist. For amber or dark styles, add a touch of Munich or small amounts of caramel malt. This provides color and rounded malt flavor.

Include corn adjuncts baja for the classic light, crisp body of a Mexican pale lager. Flaked maize or well-cooked corn at 5–15% of the grist lightens mouthfeel while retaining drinkability. Keep specialty adjuncts minimal to preserve clarity.

Set OG targets near 1.050–1.052 for many homebrewer recipes. Design your recipe expecting Baja to finish around 1.011–1.012 with roughly 75–80% attenuation. This final gravity range yields a clean, moderate body that suits summer drinking.

Plan a low-hop lager recipe with subtle bitterness and delicate hop aroma. Aim for 15–25 IBUs using noble or neutral varieties such as Saaz, Hallertau, Magnum, Hallertauer Mittelfrüh, or Liberty. Use mostly early additions with a light late or whirlpool touch if desired.

For style variants, scale specialty malts carefully. Mexican Pale Lager should mimic the light profile of commercial lagers like Modelo Especial by staying pale and crisp. Mexican Amber or Dark styles can use small percentages of Munich, Vienna, or light roasted malts to approach the profile of Negra Modelo or Dos Equis Amber.

Mind your water profile. Many homebrewers use reverse osmosis water and add controlled minerals like calcium chloride and gypsum. Adjust salts to support mash pH and to balance the subtle hop bitterness in a low-hop lager recipe.

  • Grain bill: 85–95% Pilsner/2-row, 5–15% corn adjuncts baja, 0–5% Munich or light caramel for amber versions.
  • OG/FG: 1.050–1.052 target with expected finish near 1.011–1.012 (75–80% attenuation).
  • Hops/IBU: Saaz/Hallertau/Liberty or Magnum, 15–25 IBU total for restraint and balance.
  • Water: RO base with CaCl2 and gypsum adjustments to taste and mash stability.

Small changes to mash temperature and adjunct percentages let you nudge body and drinkability without losing the Mexican lager character. Keep the recipe focused, ferment clean with Baja, and prioritize balance over complexity.

Preparing your yeast: rehydration, starters, and multiple packs

CellarScience Baja is a dry yeast that can be pitched directly. Yet, many brewers prefer to rehydrate it first. This method is beneficial when the wort gravity is high or the yeast pack is older. It's essential to use sterile, lukewarm water and adhere to the manufacturer's guidelines to avoid any shock to the yeast cells.

For batches requiring more cells, creating a lager yeast starter is advisable. A small starter on a stir plate can quickly revive older yeast. It typically shows signs of activity within 48–72 hours. Homebrewers have successfully revived year-old dry packs, leading to vigorous fermentations in just 2.5 days.

Determining the number of Baja packs needed depends on the desired pitch rate. A general rule of thumb is to use 2.5–4 g of yeast per gallon. For a five-gallon batch, this translates to needing multiple 11 g packs for higher cell counts. Before deciding, consider the original gravity and pitching targets.

Rehydrating dry yeast can significantly reduce lag times when pitching into wort. If a pack seems insufficient, combining rehydration with a short starter can confirm its vitality. For packs with uncertain viability, using two packs or creating a starter is recommended to ensure fermentation health.

  • Rehydrate: lukewarm sterile water, gentle stir, rest per directions.
  • Starter: small, aerated wort on a stir plate to verify activity.
  • Multiple packs: follow 2.5–4 g/gal guideline for larger or high-OG beers.

Keeping records of pack dates and performance is vital. Tracking outcomes helps brewers decide when to rehydrate, when to build a lager yeast starter, or when to add extra packs. This ensures consistent results with CellarScience Baja.

Fermentation monitoring and troubleshooting with Baja

Start tracking activity from the first hours. Many brewers using Tilt Baja yeast notice the first blips between 9 and 17 hours. Use a digital hydrometer or watch the airlock closely. Regular checks help spot a drop in activity before it stalls.

Gravity readings are key. Expect modest daily drops. Slow fermentation fix often means patience. If gravity falls about 2.1 points per day, that's normal. Log values over several days before making changes.

If fermentation seems slow, run a quick checklist. Confirm wort oxygenation, verify pitch rate, and check your ferm chamber's temperature. Temperature swings and low oxygen are common causes of slow gravity decline.

Early off-notes can be unsettling. Transient sulfur or “yeasty” characters often fade with conditioning and lagering. Baja off-flavors troubleshooting starts by letting the beer rest. Many faults resolve during cold conditioning.

Intervene only when necessary. If gravity stalls long-term or finishes high, try a gentle temperature rise, add yeast nutrient, or make a starter. Repitching with another lager strain is an option for persistent stalls. A measured slow fermentation fix reduces wasted batches.

Use a simple troubleshooting checklist before drastic steps:

  • Verify wort oxygenation and aeration method.
  • Confirm proper pitch rate and yeast viability.
  • Maintain temperature stability in the 50–57°F range.
  • Track gravity across multiple days with a digital unit or manual hydrometer.
  • Allow adequate conditioning time before condemning flavor issues.

When you do repitch, document what you changed. Clear records help connect actions to outcomes and improve future brews. Good monitoring reduces guesswork and keeps Baja beers on track.

High-angle view of a stainless fermentation tank with foamy yeast and digital monitors showing live brewing data.

Conditioning, lagering, and clarifying beers fermented with Baja

After primary fermentation concludes, allow Baja lagering to refine the beer. This process smooths out sulfur notes and aids yeast flocculation. Homebrewers often notice enhanced flavor and aroma after two to three weeks of cold storage.

Cold conditioning Baja at near-freezing temperatures promotes yeast settling. This allows residual esters to mellow. Some brewers achieve good results by kegging after 10–14 days. Yet, longer refrigeration enhances the beer's clarity and mouthfeel.

Employ a mix of methods for clarifying cerveza. Cold crashing can compact yeast and haze. Fining agents like gelatin or isinglass remove proteins and speed up clearing. Each technique shortens the time to serve a clear beer.

Implement a tiered approach:

  • Complete fermentation and verify final gravity.
  • Lower temperature gradually to avoid stress on cells.
  • Cold conditioning Baja for two to six weeks depending on desired clarity.
  • Apply fining agents late in conditioning if necessary.

Maturation during conditioning continues attenuation and refines balance. Expect bread-like notes to smooth and clean lager character to become more prominent as sulfur fades. Patience with lagering yields a professional, polished pils or Mexican-style lager.

Tasting profile and flavor expectations from Baja-fermented beers

Anticipate a clean, vibrant Baja flavor profile, ideal for Mexican-style lagers. Brewers highlight a crisp finish, with a hint of light malt sweetness and minimal ester presence. This combination makes the beer refreshing on warm days.

The strain is often likened to a Modelo-like yeast in its overall character. It offers delicate breadiness and a subtle cracker note, complementing pilsner and lager malts. In lighter recipes, the focus remains on drinkability and refreshment.

With darker malts, Baja tasting notes evolve towards gentle caramel and toast. This is reminiscent of Negra Modelo and Dos Equis Amber, where color and specialty malts add depth. The yeast ensures high attenuation, preventing cloying sweetness.

Some batches may exhibit transient sulfur or faint yeasty notes early in conditioning. These aromas and flavors typically dissipate with several weeks of cold lagering and storage. Patience is key to achieving the clean Mexican lager yeast flavor brewers aim for.

  • Typical attenuation ranges reported sit near 77–80%, producing a drier finish in many beers.
  • Lower attenuation versus strains like W34/70 can lead to a slightly fuller body if fermentation is cooler or underpitched.
  • Proper conditioning reduces off-notes and clarifies the Baja tasting notes.

Adjust mash profile and fermentation temps to fine-tune perceived body and balance. Small changes in attenuation will alter mouthfeel, but the core Mexican lager yeast flavor remains crisp and malt-forward with careful management.

Real-world brewer experiences and community feedback

Homebrewers generally have positive experiences with Baja, with a few notable exceptions. On a prominent homebrew forum Baja thread, many users have reported beers that rival commercial Mexican lagers in aroma and drinkability. They highlight the value and ease of use, provided proper pitching and temperature control are maintained.

One brewer successfully pitched a single pack into 3 gallons of 1.052 OG Mexican Dark Lager. The lag time was about 17 hours, with fermentation temperatures ranging from 53–57°F. The gravity dropped slowly, at roughly 2.1 points per day. This example remains a topic of discussion in Baja fermentation reports, illustrating a slow but steady fermentation process.

Another account on the homebrew forum Baja showed activity in 9–10 hours with a 3-gallon 1.049 Pils/toasted corn lager. The batch finished near 80% attenuation. Initial sulfur notes faded after three weeks of cold conditioning, revealing a clean beer with light breadiness. Such posts in Baja fermentation reports underscore the importance of conditioning in achieving the desired flavor.

Some brewers have revived year-old packs by building starters. These starters showed activity in about 2.5 days and reached robust activity. Multiple Baja user reviews highlight this method as a practical solution for aging or packs with questionable storage conditions.

Community commentary often compares Baja to strains like WLP940 and products from Omega. Many speculate Baja behaves as a dry analog to these Mexican lager strains. Discussions on the homebrew forum Baja combine technical observations with tasting notes, aiding brewers in deciding when to use the yeast.

CellarScience feedback is generally positive. Members appreciate consistent packaging, affordable pricing, and repeatable results across batches. A few posts inquire about the lab origin, but most brewers say the mystery does not influence their purchasing decisions when the results meet their expectations.

Mixed but generally positive Baja fermentation reports provide a range of expectations. The thread examples and CellarScience feedback together offer a practical guide for anyone considering this strain for lagers and lighter ales.

Comparing Baja to other dry and liquid lager yeasts

Homebrewers often compare Baja yeast to other strains, focusing on attenuation, temperature range, and flavor impact. Baja typically reaches mid to high 60s to low 70s percent attenuation. This results in a slightly more malt-forward taste compared to some classic lager yeasts.

When comparing Baja to WLP940, many brewers note similarities in Mexican lager character. Both WLP940 and Omega Mexican strains offer a clean, crisp profile. In contrast, Baja tends towards a softer, bready finish, reminiscent of commercial cervezas.

Comparing Baja to W34/70 reveals technical differences. W34/70 and Diamond strains tend to attenuate higher, resulting in a drier finish at similar temperatures. These strains are ideal for very dry lagers. Baja, on the other hand, provides a mild roundness, perfect for Mexican-style recipes.

Fermentation temperature is critical for all strains. Baja ferments well within typical lager-adjacent ranges. It can, though, exhibit more regional esters if allowed a slightly warmer ale-range diacetyl rest. This nuance is significant when brewers weigh the convenience of dry yeast against the subtle aroma differences of liquid yeast.

  • Attenuation: Baja—mid-high 60s to low 70s; W34/70—often higher.
  • Flavor: Baja—bready, regional Mexican note; WLP940—clean, commercial-style.
  • Temperature: Baja—flexible with careful rest; classic strains—strict cooler lager temps.

Dry vs liquid lager yeast choices impact logistics. Dry Baja offers a long shelf life, lower cost, and easy storage. Liquid strains, like WLP940, provide strain purity and nuanced aroma layers but require cooler transport and quicker use.

Availability and cost are also considerations. Dry packets are widely available online and in shops, making them appealing for frequent brewers. Liquid vials or slants from suppliers like White Labs or Omega may be more expensive per pitch and sometimes require starters to match cell counts.

Practical brewers choose based on style goals. For a Modelo-like profile without extra steps, Baja is a strong option. For the driest, crispest lager, test W34/70 or other classic liquid lager strains, requiring tighter temperature control.

Practical brewing checklist before you pitch Baja

Before fermentation, use this Baja pitching checklist to ensure you're ready. A quick check helps maintain yeast health and keeps your lager on schedule.

  • Check pack condition and date. For older packs or big volumes, consider a starter or a double pack to prepare Baja yeast for the job.
  • Calculate pitch rate. Aim for roughly 2.5–4 g/gal and convert that to the number of 11 g packs you need.
  • Aerate or oxygenate the wort well. Lager yeast needs dissolved oxygen to start clean fermentations.
  • Set and stabilize fermentation temperature. Target 50–57°F and confirm your chamber can hold that range steadily.
  • Adjust water profile. Add calcium chloride and gypsum as needed to match the malt and hop perception you want.
  • Plan cold conditioning. Schedule multiple weeks of lagering after primary fermentation to improve clarity and flavor.
  • Prepare clarification methods. Decide if you will cold crash, use gelatin or isinglass, or run filtration to clarify the beer.
  • Monitor fermentation progress. Use a hydrometer or a digital monitor like Tilt to track lag time and gravity decline.

Follow these pitch Baja steps in order. Confirm each item before you dump the yeast in to lower risk and shorten recovery from hiccups.

Keep a written lager yeast checklist with batch-specific notes. Record pack lot, starter size, oxygen dose, and chamber targets so you can repeat successes.

Adjusting recipes when Baja ferments slower than expected

Slow Baja fermentation is evident in a gravity drop of about 2.1 points per day or lag times nearing 17 hours. Brewers often witness a steady yet slow decline lasting several days. It's important to observe this pattern before making any changes.

Begin by checking non-recipe factors. Confirm oxygenation and yeast viability. A gentle rouse during the early stall can awaken cells without compromising flavor. Elevate the fermenter temperature slightly, for instance, from the low 50s to the upper 50s. This encourages activity while remaining within safe lager ranges.

  • Verify oxygen levels and consider a starter if pitch size was small.
  • If underpitch is likely, repitch an active lager strain such as Wyeast 2124 or White Labs WLP830 instead of an ale yeast.
  • Wait several days for a slow but steady fall in gravity before intervening.

When considering recipe adjustments for future batches, aim to reduce yeast stress by lowering original gravity. A lower starting gravity aids lager strains in finishing cleanly.

Adjust mash temperature slightly lower to reduce dextrins and enhance fermentability. Lowering a few degrees is advisable but must preserve style integrity to maintain balance.

To expedite Baja fermentation in a stuck batch, add simple sugars sparingly. Corn sugar or dextrose can provide yeast with an easier target, prompting activity. Use this method with caution to avoid altering the beer's intended profile.

  • For future recipes, target a more fermentable grist and avoid excessive dextrin malts.
  • Plan a healthy pitch rate with a starter or multiple CellarScience packs for larger gravities.
  • Keep fermentation temperature control flexible to allow small increases when needed.

Some brewers prefer patience over intervention. If gravity shows a slow but consistent decline, allow the yeast time to clean up by itself. Intervene only after confirming no progress over several days.

If you need to fix sluggish lager yeast quickly, combine steps: gentle warming, a light rouse, and a small oxygenation or very small sugar addition. Monitor gravity every 12–24 hours and adjust only when data confirms a stall.

Dimly lit glass fermentation tank with swirling amber liquid and rising steam in a cozy homebrew workshop.

Storage, shelf life, and purchasing tips for CellarScience yeast

Keeping dry packs cold is key to preserving viability. The simplest habit is to store Baja yeast in the refrigerator until you need it. For long-term backup, many brewers place unopened packs in the freezer, following manufacturer guidance.

Dry yeast generally lasts longer than liquid cultures, but viability decreases with age. It's important to track the CellarScience shelf life on the pack. Plan a starter if the date is near or unclear. If you must use an older pack, a small starter can revive old dry yeast, confirming activity before pitching.

When buying Baja yeast, compare pack sizes and pricing. Retailers like MoreBeer and Northern Brewer often carry CellarScience. Look for multi-pack deals to save money on larger batches and to have an immediate backup if a pack underperforms.

  • Refrigerate opened and unopened packs; cold slows cell decline.
  • For uncertain pack age, revive old dry yeast with a starter or use two packs for safety.
  • Store extra packs for high OG worts or delayed brew days.

If you plan to buy Baja yeast for occasional brewing, keep a small stock at home. This makes it easier to react to a stalled fermentation or to scale up a recipe without delay. Planning reduces the risk of underpitching and helps maintain consistent results.

Advanced techniques to highlight Baja’s character

Begin with a mash and grain plan that ensures clarity and malt balance. Opt for Pilsner malt for pale Mexican lagers. For darker styles, incorporate small amounts of Munich or light caramel malts. This will evoke the flavors of Negra Modelo or Dos Equis Amber while maintaining a clean beer.

Adjuncts can mimic commercial cereal sweetness. Use flaked corn or simple rice adjuncts sparingly. This way, the yeast remains the focal point. Keep hopping low and late to preserve delicate aromas and emphasize Baja flavor.

Plan your fermentation choreography around a precise diacetyl rest. Ferment at a cool and steady temperature, then raise it to the mid-50s–low-60s for 24–48 hours near the end of primary. This step reduces off-flavors and supports clean attenuation before extended cold conditioning.

  • Use step-ferm schedules for fuller attenuation when needed.
  • Consider staggered temperature holds to coax ester profile without masking the yeast.

Extended lagering is key for clarity and mouthfeel. Cold condition beers for several weeks or months to mellow sharp tones and polish the finish. When packaging, match carbonation to style by force-carbonating or carefully priming to reach the familiar commercial mouthfeel.

Experiment with yeast blending and co-pitch methods. Blend Baja with other clean lager strains or well-proven liquid strains to tweak attenuation and aroma. Keep blends modest to accentuate Mexican lager yeast traits without overwhelming them.

Follow Baja conditioning tips during the cold phase: maintain steady low temps, monitor dissolved oxygen before packaging, and allow time for flocculation. These steps enhance Mexican lager yeast clarity and boost shelf stability.

Employ advanced lager techniques like controlled adjunct use, staged fermentation, and careful lagering to highlight Baja flavor. Small process choices yield big gains when aiming for a clean, crisp, true-to-style Mexican lager.

Conclusion

CellarScience Baja Yeast stands out as a dependable, budget-friendly choice for brewers targeting Mexican-style lagers. It provides a clean finish, balanced malt presence, and efficient attenuation when used correctly. This summary is based on both homebrew experiences and controlled trials, showing a profile similar to Modelo.

Its advantages include ease of storage, straightforward handling, and superior value compared to liquid yeasts. The CellarScience Baja verdict concludes it's the top pick for Mexican lagers due to its consistency and affordability. Yet, some batches might ferment slower or exhibit early sulfur notes. These issues usually resolve with proper conditioning.

To achieve consistent results, prioritize the pitch rate and maintain fermentation at 50–57°F. Extended cold conditioning is essential. Consider using starters or extra packs for larger or older batches. Adhering to these guidelines ensures crisp, refreshing Mexican-style lagers with minimal effort.

Further Reading

If you enjoyed this post, you may also like these suggestions:


Share on BlueskyShare on FacebookShare on LinkedInShare on TumblrShare on XShare on LinkedInPin on Pinterest

John Miller

About the Author

John Miller
John is an enthusiastic home brewer with many years of experience and several hundred fermentations under his belt. He likes all beer styles, but the strong Belgians have a special place in his heart. In addition to beer, he also brews mead from time to time, but beer is his main interest. He is a guest blogger here on miklix.com, where he is keen to share his knowledge and experience with all aspects of the ancient art of brewing.

This page contains a product review and may therefore contain information that is largely based on the author's opinion and/or on publicly available information from other sources. Neither the author nor this website is directly affiliated with the manufacturer of the reviewed product. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the manufacturer of the reviewed product has not paid money or any other form of compensation for this review. The information presented here should not be considered official, approved, or endorsed by the manufacturer of the reviewed product in any way.

Images on this page may be computer generated illustrations or approximations and are therefore not necessarily actual photographs. Such images may contain inaccuracies and should not be considered scientifically correct without verification.