Ama-Hops ku-Beer Brewing: Nadwislanska

Isithombe sendawo esinezinqumo eziphakeme sama-hop cone aluhlaza acwebezelayo eNadwislanska emivini enamazolo, asekelwe yi-trellis yokhuni, ebekwe emagqumeni aguqayo kanye nesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esicwebezelayo ekukhanyeni kwasekuseni okufudumele. Chofoza noma uthephe isithombe ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe kanye nezixazululo eziphezulu.

I-Nadwislanska, uhlobo lwe-hop lwasePoland, iyaziswa ngokuqedwa kwayo okuthambile kanye nokwengezwa kwayo kamuva. Iwela esigabeni sama-aromahop, kanye nama-bittering hop kanye nezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kabili. I-Nadwislanska iyaziswa kakhulu ngokuthuthukisa amanothi ezimbali, amakhambi, kanye nezinongo kuma-lager aseYurophu kanye nama-ales amancane.

Itholakala emaqoqweni amakhulu e-germplasm njenge-Oregon State University kanye ne-USDA, i-Nadwislanska iyatholakala kubacwaningi kanye nabalimi abancane. Naphezu kokuba khona kwayo okulinganiselwe kwezentengiselwano, ivelele phakathi kwe-hops yasePoland ngeziqu zayo eziluhlaza. Lesi sici sisiza ekuhlonzeni ngesikhathi sokuzalanisa.

Lesi sihloko sigxila ekuzibonakaliseni kukaNadwislańska kanye nezindlela ezingokoqobo zokusebenzisa. Sihlola iphrofayili yayo yezinzwa, isizinda somlando esivela emaqoqweni e-hop, kanye nezeluleko zokukhiqiza nokukhulisa. Sihlose ukucacisa ukuthi kungani ama-hop aseNadwislanska eyinketho ethandwayo, yize ingavamile, enephunga elimnandi.

Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile

• Ama-hops aseNadwislanska ayi-hop ephunga elimnandi yasePoland esetshenziswa kakhulu ekungezeni kamuva kanye nokugxuma okumanzi.
• Uhlobo lwe-hop i-Nadwislanska lugcinwa emaqoqweni e-USDA/OSU germplasm anezinombolo ezithile zokufakwa.
• I-Nadwislańska ifaneleka kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ze-lager hops zaseYurophu kanye ne-ales ezithambile ezidinga iphunga lezimbali namakhambi.
• Lolu hlobo lwesitshalo aluvamile ukuthengiswa kodwa luyatholakala ukuze lucwaningwe futhi lulinywe ngezinga elincane ngokusebenzisa izindawo zokugcina.
• Izici zomzimba ezihlukile, njengeziqu eziluhlaza, zisiza ukuhlukanisa i-Nadwislanska kwezinye izinhlobo ze-hops zasePoland.

Ukubuka konke kwama-hops aseNadwislanska

I-Nadwislanska, i-hop yasePoland, idunyiswa ngephunga layo kunezimfanelo zayo ezibabayo. Iwela esigabeni se-noble/iphunga elihle, elaziwa ngamanothi ayo ezimbali, umhlaba, notshani. Lokhu kuhambisana nemibala yezithelo ethambile, okwenza kube yintandokazi kubhiya bendabuko baseYurophu.

Lolu hlobo lutholakala emaqoqweni amakhulu e-germplasm, okuhlanganisa nalawo ase-USDA nase-Oregon State University. Amarekhodi abonisa i-Nadwislanska (i-USDA accession 21114) kanye ne-21524 engenagciwane. Lokhu kubonisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokulondolozwa kanye nocwaningo e-OSU kanye ne-USDA World Hop Cultivar Collection.

Imvelaphi yayo isuselwe ePoland, lapho yayikade iyisitshalo sendawo. Kodwa-ke, isivuno sayo esiphansi kanye nokuzwela kwayo kuma-virus kuye kwanciphisa ukutshalwa kwayo kwezentengiselwano. Namuhla, itholakala kakhulu emabhange e-germplasm kanye nasezindaweni zokuhlola ezikhethekile.

Abapheki bebhiya abafuna umlingiswa we-Old World bavame ukuphendukela ku-Nadwislańska. Lolu hlobo lwaziwa ngephunga lalo elihle, izimbali ezithambile, kanye nomgogodla womhlaba. Lezi zimfanelo ziyenza ifaneleke kakhulu kuma-lagers, ama-pilsners, kanye nama-ales akudala, okuthuthukisa umlingiswa wabo we-hop ocwengekile.

• Imvelaphi kanye nefa lasePoland phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-hop zasePoland
• Kuhlukaniswe njengephunga elimnandi/i-hop enhle
• Kugcinwa emaqoqweni e-USDA/OSU germplasm
• Akuvamile ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano ngenxa yezinkinga zokukhiqiza kanye negciwane
• Izincazelo eziyinhloko zephunga elimnandi: izithelo ezimibalabala, zomhlaba, utshani, izithelo ezithambile

Iphrofayili yezitshalo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwazo

I-Nadwislanska iwela ngaphansi kohlobo lwe-Humulus kanye nohlobo lwe-lupulus. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo kuyinika igama elisemthethweni, i-Humulus lupulus Nadwislanska, elibonakala kumarekhodi ezitshalo kanye nasezindaweni zokugcina ulwazi ze-hop.

Ibhalwe njengezwe lasePoland eliqanjwe ngegama kumarekhodi e-germplasm. Okufakiwe kwe-USDA eNadwislanska kukhombisa ukuthi ifakiwe kwi-World Hop Cultivar Collection e-Oregon State University. La marekhodi asekela ucwaningo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto ze-hop ezingenayo igciwane.

I-Nadwislanska ihlukaniswa njengohlobo lwezitshalo zesifazane ohlwini lwezentengiselwano. Lokhu kujwayelekile ezinhlotsheni zokukhiqiza ubhiya. Izitshalo zesifazane ziyaziswa ngenxa yezindlala zazo ze-lupulin ezithwala amakhoni, ezithandwa ngabakhi bobhiya.

Izici zesimo semvelo zihlukanisa iNadwislanska kwezinye izinhlobo zasePoland. Iziqu zayo eziluhlaza ziyagqama, ngokungafani neziqu zemigqa yeLubelski/Lubelska. Abalimi kanye nabahloli bentela bathembele kulo mehluko lapho beqhathanisa izindawo zomhlaba zesifunda.

• I-Taxonomy: uhlobo lwe-Humulus, uhlobo lwe-lupulus.
• Ubunikazi be-cultivar: I-Nadwislanska eqoshwe ohlwini lwe-OSU/USDA.
• Ubulili: bugcinwa njengezitshalo zesifazane ngokwezentengiselwano.
• Ukwakheka: iziqu eziluhlaza ziyayihlukanisa nezinhlobo ze-Lubelski.

Izindawo zokugcina i-germplasm zibalulekile ekulondolozeni izinto zaseNadwislanska. Ziqinisekisa ukutholwa okungenagciwane, zigcina izinqubo, futhi zihlinzeka ngamarekhodi acacile e-USDA okutholwa eNadwislanska. Lokhu kuvumela abafuyi nabalimi ukuthi bafinyelele esitokisini esiqinisekisiwe ukuze basakaze futhi bafunde.

Iphrofayili yezitshalo ibalulekile kokubili ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo kanye nokongiwa. Isekela ucwaningo ngezitshalo ze-hop eNadwislanska, isiza ekuqhathaniseni izinhlobo ezahlukene, futhi yazisa izinhlelo zokuzalanisa ezigxile kuma-aromahop aseYurophu anomusa.

Ububanzi obujwayelekile be-alpha ne-beta acid

I-Nadwislanska ine-alpha values ephansi, kusukela ku-3.0% kuya ku-5.0%. Lokhu kwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekufakweni kwe-kettle sekwephuzile kanye nokugxuma okumanzi, kunokuba kube yi-primary bittering.

Kubikwa ukuthi okuqukethwe yi-beta acid yeNadwislanska kuphakathi kuka-2.5% no-5.0%. Abapheki bebhiya bakunaka kakhulu lokhu ngoba kuthinta ukuqina kokuguga kanye nokuguquka kokubaba emabhodleleni nasemakegini.

• Izinga le-Alpha: 3.0%–5.0% — libonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-aroma hop kunokuba kube nokubi kakhulu kwe-IBU.
• Izinga le-Beta: 2.5%–5.0% — lisiza ukubikezela ukugcinwa kwe-hop kanye nobude besikhathi sokushisa.
• I-Cohumulone: cishe ama-23% ama-alpha acid — isabelo esincane esivame ukuhlobana nokubaba okubonakalayo okubushelelezi.

Lapho kwenziwa izindlela zokupheka, uhla lwe-Nadwislanska lwe-hop bitterness luqondisa ukugxila ekunambithekeni nasephunga. Kunconywa ukuphumula kwe-whirlpool okufushane noma okuphuzile kanye nokwengezwa kwe-dry-hop. Le ndlela ibamba amafutha aguquguqukayo ngaphandle kokuthembela ku-Nadwislanska ukuze uthole ama-IBU aphezulu.

Amarekhodi e-germplasm avela ezikhungweni ezifana ne-Oregon State University kanye ne-USDA aqinisekisa ukwamukelwa nokuhlolwa kweNadwislanska. Nakuba ezinye izindawo zokubhalisa zingenayo imininingwane yezinombolo, lezi zivivinyo ziqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwalolu hlobo. Zisekela ukuhlukaniswa kwalo njengohlobo olugxile ephunga elimnandi.

Ama-hop cone aseNadwiślańska aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anomhlwa wasekuseni ngaphambili, ilabhorethri ehlaziya ama-hop acid emhlabathini ophakathi, kanye namasimu e-hop akhanyiswe yilanga ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva. Chofoza noma uthephe isithombe ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe kanye nezixazululo eziphezulu.

Ukwakheka kwamafutha abalulekile kanye nama-compounds ephunga

Amafutha abalulekile aseNadwislanska achaza iphunga elimnandi le-hop, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu kuma-aromahop. Idatha yelabhorethri kanye namaqoqo e-hop aveza izingxenyana zamafutha ezihlukanisa izinhlobo ngezigaba. Iphrofayili yamafutha e-hop aseNadwislanska ihambisana nesitayela esithambile nesihloniphekile, ngokungafani nokunambitheka okuqinile kwe-citrus yaseMelika.

Okuqukethwe kwamafutha okuphelele kungama-0.5 mL ngamagremu ayi-100, okuyinto encane kakhulu. I-Myrcene yakha cishe ama-32%, kuyilapho i-humulene icishe ibe ngu-27%. I-Caryophyllene ne-farnesene zikhona ku-8.2% kanye no-13.5%, ngokulandelana. Lokhu kulinganisela kwe-myrcene, i-humulene, ne-caryophyllene kubalulekile ephunga elisha le-hop kanye nendlela elishintsha ngayo kubhiya.

I-Myrcene inegalelo emanothini e-hop anosawoti, i-citrus, kanye nezithelo. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlushwa kwayo okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nama-hop amaningi ase-US kuholela ekunambithekeni kwe-citrus okungatheni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Humulene ineza izimfanelo zokhuni, ezibabayo, nezinhle, ezifanele ama-lagers nama-pilsners. I-Caryophyllene iletha amanothi ababayo, e-piney, kanye namakhambi, okuthuthukisa iphrofayili ngaphandle kokuyinqoba.

I-Farnesene yethula izakhi eziluhlaza nezimibalabala ezintsha. Inhlanganisela ye-farnesene kanye nesilinganiso esilinganiselayo se-myrcene/humulene kusekela amaphunga ayinkimbinkimbi nathambile. Lokhu kwenza i-Nadwislanska ibe yindawo ekahle yokwengeza imibala ethambile yezimbali neyobuhle kubhiya.

• Okuqukethwe okuphansi kwamafutha kusiza ukuveza iphunga elincane.
• Izilinganiso ezilinganisiwe ze-myrcene/humulene zisiza ukuqina kwephunga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• I-Farnesene ne-caryophyllene zengeza izendlalelo eziluhlaza nezinongwe.

Ukuqonda amafutha abalulekile eNadwislanska kubalulekile kubapheki bebhiya ukubikezela umthelela wokwengezwa kwe-hop. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufakwe eketheni, e-whirlpool, noma njenge-dry-hop, ukwakheka kwamafutha kusekela izindlela zokupheka ezihlonipha ubuhle kanye nesiko kunokunambitheka okuqinile kwe-citrus.

Iphrofayili yokunambitheka nephunga labenzi bobhiya

Iphrofayili yokunambitheka kweNadwislanska igxile kakhulu emasikweni e-Old World hop. Ibonakala ngomlingiswa ocwengekile, omuhle onezimbali kanye nombala okhanyayo. Imibala ethambile yotshani kanye nezithelo ezilula ihambisana nephunga eliyinhloko.

Iphunga lokwenziwa kwe-Nadwislanska laziwa ngobuhle balo, ligwema ukuba nesibindi kwe-citrus. Ukuze bathuthukise amacembe alo athambile, izinongo, kanye nemibala yamakhambi, abenzi be-brewing basebenzisa izithako ze-late-kettle, ama-whirlpool hops, noma i-dry hopping. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthi uhlamvu lwe-malt kanye ne-yeast alufihli.

Uma wenza izindlela zokupheka, cabanga ngama-noble hop flavour afakwa yiNadwislanska. Hlanganisa nama-malt bills ahlanzekile kanye ne-lager noma i-neutral ale yeast ukuze ubonise ubuntu bayo obuhlukile. Ama-lagers, ama-pilsners, kanye nama-ales akudala afaneleka kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwe-hop.

• Izici eziyinhloko: ukunambitheka kwezimbali, okufana nomhlaba, okumnandi kwe-hop
• Amanothi esibili: utshani, izithelo ezilula
• Ukusetshenziswa okungcono kakhulu: okungeziwe sekwephuzile, i-whirlpool, i-dry hopping

Amarekhodi e-Germplasm kanye nohlu lwe-USDA/OSU lunikeza izincazelo ezinemininingwane zemizwa ze-Nadwislanska. Lawa marekhodi abaluleke kakhulu kubapheki bebhiya, abasiza ukubikezela ukusebenza kwe-hop kokubili ekuhlolweni kweqembu elincane kanye nasekukhiqizweni okukhulu.

Ukuze uyisebenzise ngendlela engokoqobo, qala ngamazinga okugcina e-dry-hop bese ulungisa ngokusekelwe ekuqineni kwephunga olifunayo. Ukugcina inqubo yokubilisa ihlanzekile kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe iphrofayili yokunambitheka kwe-Nadwislanska. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuba khona kwayo kokwenza ubhiya okuvamile nokungachazwanga kahle kuyaziswa ngokugcwele.

Ukusetshenziswa kwephunga vs ukubaba ezindaweni zokupheka

I-Nadwislanska ihlukaniswa njenge-aroma hop. Ama-alpha acid ayo aphansi, asukela ku-3.0% kuya ku-5.0%. Lokhu kuyenza ibe yindawo ekahle yokwengeza iphunga nokunambitheka okuncane, kunokuba ibe mnandi kakhulu.

Uma uhlela izindlela zokupheka nge-Nadwislanska, kungcono ukuyifaka sekwephuzile. Faka emaminithini ayi-10 edlule, ngesikhathi se-whirlpool, noma njengengxenye yesheduli ye-dry-hop. Lokhu kubamba amanothi ayo ezimbali nawaphezulu ngempumelelo.

Ukuhlola ukufaneleka kweNadwislanska kokuba buhlungu kwembula ukulinganiselwa kwayo. Ama-alpha acid ayo aphansi anciphisa ikhono layo lokufaka isandla kakhulu kuma-IBU. Ukuze uthole umgogodla oqinile ku-recipe, hlanganisa iNadwislanska ne-higher-alpha bittering hop. Izinketho zifaka phakathi iMagnum, iWarrior, noma iStyrian Golding.

• Ukusetshenziswa: ukubilisa okuphuzile, i-whirlpool, i-dry-hop yokuphakamisa iphunga elimnandi.
• Indima ebabayo: encane; kungcono kakhulu njengokwengeza ukushelela uma ifakwa kusenesikhathi.
• Umqondo wokuhlanganisa: hlanganisa ne-hop ebabayo ene-alpha ephezulu ukuze ulinganisele.

Izitayela ze-European lager, i-pilsner, i-Kölsch, i-blonde ale, kanye ne-saison zuzisa kakhulu. Kulezi bhiya, ukusetshenziswa kwephunga likaNadwislanska kunikeza ubuntu obuhle obucashile. Kuthuthukisa ukucaca kwe-malt ngaphandle kokudlula ama-hops.

Ekuhleleni iresiphi ngeNadwislanska, cabanga ngokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-cohumulone okucishe kube ngu-23% ukuze kufakwe izithako zakuqala. Le phrofayili inganikeza ukubaba okubushelelezi. Kodwa-ke, imikhawulo yayo ephelele ye-alpha isho ukuthi ayivami ukuthatha indawo ye-bittering hop ezinikele.

Gcina izithako zakho zilula futhi zinembile. Sebenzisa izithako ezilinganisiwe ezisanda kusetshenziswa kanye nezisindo ezincane ze-dry-hop. Lokhu kukhombisa iphunga elimnandi le-hop. Thembela kumlingani oqinile obabayo uma kudingeka.

Ukusondelana kwama-hop cones aluhlaza amasha ane-morning dew etafuleni lokhuni njengoba umkhiqizi webhiya ochwepheshile ehlola ama-hops ngaphakathi kwefektri efudumele, egcwele ithusi. Chofoza noma uthephe isithombe ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe kanye nezixazululo eziphezulu.

Amanothi omlando kanye nokuzalanisa avela emaqoqweni e-hop

Uhlobo lwe-hop lwaseNadwislanska lunezimpande zalo emizamweni yokuzalanisa yaseYurophu Ephakathi. Lezi zinhlelo zazihlose ukudala ama-hop ahamba phambili kokubili ngokubabayo kanye nephunga elimnandi. Ekuqaleni, i-Nadwislanska yayihlukaniswe njenge-hop enezinhloso ezimbili. Yayithandwa ngenxa yezimpawu zayo ezinhle, zezimbali kunokuba ikhiqize.

Amarekhodi abonisa ukuthi iNadwislanska ifakwe eqoqweni le-OSU/USDA World Hop Cultivar. Izinhlobo ezifana neNadwislanska 21114 kanye neNadwislanska, vf 21524 ziyingxenye yaleli qoqo. Lokhu kufakwa ohlwini eqoqweni le-USDA hop iNadwislanska kusho ukugcinwa kwayo okusemthethweni. Kuphinde kuqinisekise ukuhlukaniswa okulawulwayo kanye nokufinyelela kwabacwaningi nabafuyi.

I-germplasm yaseNadwislanska emaqoqweni omphakathi ivikela izici zofuzo ezingavamile. Lezi zici azivamile kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ze-hop zezentengiselwano zanamuhla. Naphezu kwesivuno sayo esiphansi kanye nokuthambekela kwayo kumagciwane e-hop avamile, iNadwislanska isatholakala ukuze ifundwe futhi izalwe.

Izici zesimo sesitshalo zihlukanisa iNadwislanska nezinye izinhlobo zasePoland. Abalimi kanye nabaqaphi bezitshalo baphawula ukuthi iziqu zayo eziluhlaza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa neLubelski. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zayo zekhoni kanye namaqabunga ziyasiza ekuhlonzeni ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-germplasm.

Abafuyi basebenzisa umlando weNadwislanska ukuthuthukisa i-chemical yephunga elihle ezitshalweni ezintsha. Ukufakwa kwayo eqoqweni le-USDA hop iNadwislanska kunikeza umthombo othembekile wezinhlobo ezixubile. Lezi zinhlobo ezixubile zihlose ukubuyisela amaphrofayili ephunga afiselekayo ngenkathi zithuthukisa isivuno kanye nokumelana nezifo.

Ukulondolozwa kwe-germplasm yaseNadwislanska kusekela izinhloso zocwaningo lwesikhathi eside. Amaqoqo omphakathi, njenge-OSU/USDA, agcina idatha yepasipoti eningiliziwe, izinto zokusabalala, kanye namaphrofayili amakhemikhali. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuzalanisa zesikhathi esizayo zingahlanganisa lezi zici zefa ezitshalweni zesimanje.

Izici ezikhulayo kanye nokucabangela kwezolimo

Ukutshalwa kweNadwislanska kufaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlola kanye nezingadi ezincane zefa. Akufanelekile ezindaweni ezinkulu zokuhweba. Ukuqoqwa kwe-germplasm kubika amandla amancane kanye nesimo sesiqu esiluhlaza, okwenza kube lula ukuhlola. Abalimi kufanele bagxile ekukhetheni indawo ngokucophelela kanye nokufakwa okuncane kwalolu hlobo.

Amarekhodi asensimini abonisa ukuthi isivuno saseNadwislanska siphansi kunesilinganiso. Lokhu kuphumela ekubuyiselweni okunciphile ngehektha ngalinye, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ezindaweni zocwaningo noma ezingadini zokukhiqiza ubhiya ezikhethekile. Ukuhlelwa kwesabelomali kufanele kufake inani eliphansi lesivuno kanye nomsebenzi owengeziwe wokukhetha ngesandla uma kudingeka.

Ukuzwela kwesifo se-hop eNadwislanska kuyisici esibalulekile ezinqumweni zokutshala. Amanothi omlando abonisa ukuzwela kwegciwane, ukwanda kwezidingo zokuphatha. Ukuhlolwa njalo kwegciwane, ukulimaza imivini enezimpawu, kanye nokusebenzisa isitoko sokutshala esiqinisekisiwe esingenagciwane esivela emithonjeni ye-USDA noma ye-germplasm yaseyunivesithi kubalulekile ukunciphisa izingozi zesikhathi eside.

• Izinto zokutshala: khetha izithako ezingenayo igciwane (vf) ezivela emabhange e-germplasm athembekile.
• Ukunakekelwa ngokwesiko: jikelezisa inhlabathi, phatha ukuchelela ukuze ugweme ukucindezeleka kwamanzi, bese usebenzisa umanyolo olinganiselayo ukuze usekele amandla aphakathi nendawo.
• Ukuqapha: hlola njalo amagciwane avamile e-hop kanye nezifo zamaqabunga; gcina amarekhodi.

Njengoba iNadwislanska ikhiqiza kancane futhi isengozini yokuthola izifo, ukwamukelwa kwayo kwezentengiselwano kulinganiselwe. Abacwaningi kanye nabalimi bezandla abazisa ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo bangase bakuthole kuwusizo ezivivinyweni zokuhlola. Amasimu amancane avumela ukuhlolwa ngaphandle kokuzibophezela ngamasimu amakhulu.

Uma uhlela ukukhulisa i-Nadwislanska, lindela ukuqapha ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo eduze. Landela imikhuba emihle yokugcinwa kwezitshalo eziqinisekisiwe, ukuhlanzeka, kanye nokuqapha ukuze uvikele ama-hops aseduze futhi ulondoloze impilo yezitshalo.

Ukuqina kwesitoreji kanye nokuphathwa kwe-hop

Ukuqina kwesitoreji seNadwislanska kulinganiselwe, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo eziningi zephunga. Ucwaningo oluvela e-Ohio State University kanye ne-USDA luqokomisa ukugcinwa kwayo okungcono uma ibanda futhi ivaliwe. Impumelelo yezentengiselwano ivame ukuxhomeka ekugcinweni okuqhubekayo kwama-alpha acid namafutha.

Ukuphatha kahle i-hop eNadwislanska kuqala ngokugcina ebanda. Gcina ama-cone noma ama-pellet aphelele ku-0–4°C. Sebenzisa izikhwama ze-vacuum noma ezihlanjululwe nge-nitrogen ukuze unciphise ukuvezwa komoya-mpilo. Ukukhetha ukuthenga okuncane, okuvamile kokusetshenziswa kweqembu elilodwa kusiza ukugwema ukulahleka kwephunga ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside.

Ukugcinwa kwe-alpha acid eNadwislanska kwehla cishe ku-58% ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ku-20°C. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abenzi bokwenza utshwala kufanele bagweme ukugcina izinga lokushisa legumbi ukuze bangabi buhlungu njalo. Izinhlobo ezifakwe ama-pellet ngokuvamile zingcono ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kanye nokugcinwa isikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa nama-cone akhululekile.

Okuqukethwe uwoyela okuphelele kweNadwislanska kuphansi kakhulu, cishe u-0.5 mL ngamagremu ayi-100. Lokhu kwenza amakhemikhali ayo anuka kamnandi abe sengozini yokuwohloka. Ukuze uthole umphumela omuhle kakhulu wephunga, sebenzisa ama-hops amasha bese uwafaka kamuva lapho ebilisa noma njengama-hops omile. Ukuphathwa kahle kulondoloza ama-terpenes athambile achaza iphrofayili yawo.

Landela uhlu lokuhlola olulula ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle kakhulu:

• Gcina kupholile futhi kumnyama, kungcono ukuthi kube ngu-0–4°C.
• Sebenzisa iphakheji ye-vacuum noma ehlanjululwe nge-nitrogen.
• Thenga ngobuningi obuhambisana neqembu elilodwa noma ambalwa.
• Khetha umkhiqizo ofakwe i-pellet uma ukuthutha isikhathi eside kungenakugwenywa.

Ukuqapha ukugcinwa kwe-alpha acid eNadwislanska ngokuhlolwa njalo kubalulekile. Kuvumela abenzi bobhiya ukuthi balungise izindlela zokupheka futhi balondoloze ukuhambisana. Ukunamathela emikhubeni emihle yokugcina impahla nokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-turnover esheshayo kuvikela kokubili ukubaba nephunga elimnandi. Lokhu kwenza iNadwislanska ibe ukukhetha okuthembekile kakhulu kokubili ekukhiqizweni kwezentengiselwano kanye nokwezandla.

Indawo yokugcina ama-hop asezindaweni zasendulo enama-hop aseNadwiślańska emabhokisini, ama-carboy engilazi kabhiya, kanye namashalofu ama-hop omisiwe. Chofoza noma uthephe isithombe ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe kanye nezixazululo eziphezulu.

Amasu okwenza ubhiya kanye neziphakamiso zeresiphi

Izindlela zokupheka zeNadwislanska zinhle kakhulu uma zisetshenziswa njenge-aromahop, hhayi umthombo oyinhloko wokubilisa. Ama-acid ayo aphansi e-alpha adinga i-high-alpha bittering hop kuma-IBU. Ngemuva kwalokho, iNadwislanska ingezwa sekwephuzile ukuze kugqanyiswe amanothi ezimbali namagama amahle.

Ukuze uthole okungeziwe nge-kettle sekwephuzile, engeza i-Nadwislanska emizuzwini eyi-10 edlule. Ukwengezwa kwe-flameout yemizuzu eyi-0 kubamba amafutha athambile. I-Whirlpool ku-160–170°F ukuze kukhishwe ama-aromatics aguquguqukayo ngaphandle kwemibala yemifino eqinile.

Uma ugxuma-gxuma, gcina amashaji ephansi. Iqoqo elijwayelekile elingamagaloni angu-5 lisebenzisa ama-ounces angu-0.5–1 e-Nadwislanska. Faka ngemva kokubilisa kokuqala ukuze kulondolozwe iphunga elimnandi lezithelo nelomhlaba.

• Izitayela zokuqondisa: Ama-lager hop aseYurophu alungele ama-pilsner, ama-lager endabuko, kanye nobhiya kakolweni oqoshiwe, lapho kudingeke khona ubuntu obuhle obuncane.
• Isu lokubaba: Qala ngokugxuma okungathathi hlangothi, okune-alpha bittering ukuze ufinyelele ama-IBU aqondiwe. Bese, faka ungqimba lwe-Nadwislanska ukuze uthole ukunambitheka nephunga elimnandi.
• Isikhathi: Imizuzu eyi-10 yokugcina, imizuzu eyi-0/i-flameout, i-whirlpool ku-160–170°F, kanye ne-dry-hop encane ngemuva kokubilisa.

Ukuze uthole i-pilsner engamalitha angu-5, sebenzisa i-hop yesimanje ene-alpha ephezulu ukuze ubambe ukuze ufinyelele ama-IBU. Faka i-Nadwislanska ngemizuzu engu-5-10 bese kuthi lapho ivutha ukuze inambitheke. Bese ufaka i-hop eyomile ye-Nadwislanska encane ngemva kokubilisa.

Uma upheka nge-Nadwislanska, gcina i-malt bill ehlanzekile kanye nephrofayili ye-yeast. Sebenzisa i-Vienna engathathi hlangothi noma i-Pils malt kanye ne-classic lager yeast. Lokhu kuvumela umlingiswa we-noble hop ukuthi akhanye ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Lungisa ibhalansi yeresiphi yobubanzi be-alpha: njengoba i-Nadwislanska ivame ukuwela phakathi kwe-alpha engu-3.0%–5.0%, yixube nenhlobo ye-alpha ephezulu ukuze kube nokubi kwasekuqaleni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kulondoloza i-IBU eqondiwe ngenkathi kuvumela i-Nadwislanska ukuthi inikeze iphunga elimnandi kanye nezinongo ezincane.

Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa kanye namanothi okunambitha okulawula ikhwalithi

Ukuhlola izimfanelo zemizwa zeNadwislanska kuqala ngenqubo eqinile. Qala ngokuhogela amakhoni amasha nama-pellets endaweni engathathi hlangothi. Qopha amanothi aphezulu asheshayo, amathoni aphakathi, kanye nanoma yimaphi amaphunga angewona awemvelo ngokushesha.

Sebenzisa isichazamazwi esijwayelekile ukuchaza iphunga. Izincazelo ezivamile zifaka phakathi amacebiso amahle, anezimbali, anombala, anotshani, kanye nezithelo ezincane. La magama asiza abenzi bobhiya kanye nochwepheshe belebhu ukuqhathanisa imiphumela evela ezindaweni ezahlukene.

Ngesikhathi sokunambitha i-hop eNadwislanska, lindela amanothi aphezulu ezimbali athambile phezu komgogodla oqinile nowomhlaba. Izinto eziluhlaza okotshani kanye nokuthela okuncane kufanele kuvele kodwa kungalokothi kunqobe. Umbono jikelele uvinjelwe futhi muhle kunokuba uqine noma ube sezingeni lokushisa.

• Hlola ukuthi azikho yini izimpawu zokubola, ezi-phenolic, noma ezikhunta ezibonisa izinkinga zokugcina noma ukutheleleka.
• Qaphela ukuqina kanye nokulinganisela: izimbali uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zomhlaba kanye notshani.
• Sebenzisa izikali eziphindaphindwayo ukuze uthole amandla ephunga ukuze ukwazi ukuqhathaniswa kweqoqo.

Izinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi ye-hops zihambisana nokuhlolwa kwezinzwa ne-chemistry. Bala inani le-alpha ne-beta acid, uhlose amazinga alindelekile aseduze ne-alpha engu-3.0%–5.0%. Qhathanisa inani lamafutha kanye nezilinganiso ze-myrcene ne-humulene nemibono yezinzwa.

• Ukulungiselela isampula: vula amakhoni, cindezela ama-pellet uma kudingeka, fudumala kancane ukuze ukhulule ama-volatiles.
• Iphaneli yezinzwa: abantu abathathu kuya kwabahlanu abaqeqeshwe ukunambitha besebenzisa isichazamazwi kanye nezikali ezifanayo.
• Ukulandelela kokuhlaziya: Imiphumela ye-GC noma ye-HPLC ukuqinisekisa amakhemikhali axhumene nephunga kanye namanani e-alpha.

Bhala phansi iseshini ngayinye yokunambitha i-hop eNadwislanska nosuku, inombolo yesabelo, kanye nomlando wokugcina. Leli rekhodi lisekela ukulandeleka lapho isampula ibonisa amaphunga angalindelekile. Ukuthatha isampula njalo kwemizwa kugcina ama-hop okulawula ikhwalithi ehambisana nokulindelwe ngabapheki bebhiya kanye nedatha yokuzalanisa evela ekuchazeni kwe-OSU kanye ne-USDA.

Uma kuvela ukuphambuka, qhathanisa izincazelo nedatha yokuhlaziya. Ukwehla kwesamba samafutha noma ukushintshela kumanothi angcolile kuvame ukukhomba ukugcinwa okungekuhle. Amanothi acacile kanye namanani alinganisiwe kusheshisa isenzo sokulungisa futhi kusize ukugcina ukusebenza kokupheka okuqhubekayo.

Ukunikezwa, ukutholakala, kanye nezinye izindlela

Ama-hops aseNadwislanska ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ukubaba, iphunga elimnandi, kanye nokusetshenziswa okubili. Lezi zigaba ziqondisa ukuhlela izitshalo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemakethe. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukutholakala kweNadwislanska kuyahlukahluka ngokwesifunda nokuthi kungani inani lokuhweba liyivelakancane.

Izindawo zokugcina i-germplasm zinezindawo zokufaka i-Nadwislanska. I-USDA kanye ne-Oregon State University zinezindawo zokufaka ezingenayo igciwane, njenge-accession 21524. Abacwaningi bangafinyelela lokhu kwaziswa ukuze bafunde. Kodwa-ke, imbewu yezentengiselwano ayivamile emakethe evamile.

Abalimi baye bamisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kweNadwislanska okukhulu ngenxa yesivuno esiphansi kanye nomfutho ophezulu wegciwane. Lolu hlobo aluvamile kubakhi bebhiya abafuna inani eliningi lokuhweba. Abathandi bebhiya kanye nabakhiqizi bebhiya bezandla kungadingeka baxhumane nabakhiqizi be-heritage-hop noma amaqoqo e-germplasm ukuze bathole izitshalo noma ama-cone eNadwislanska.

• Iziteshi zasemapulazini amancane: amapulazi e-hop akhethekile kanye nezindawo zokukhulisa izitshalo ezincane ngezinye izikhathi zinikeza imfuyo elinganiselwe kubalimi basemakhaya.
• Ukukhishwa kocwaningo: izinhlelo zaseyunivesithi kanye nezindawo zokugcina izinto kungahlinzeka ngezinto zokuhlola nokuzalanisa.
• Abalimi befa: isivuno esilinganiselwe sivela ngezikhathi ezithile ngabakhiqizi befa befa.

Uma kunzima ukuthola i-Nadwislanska, cabanga ngezinhlobo ze-noble hop ezinezinhlobo ezifanayo zezimbali namakhambi. I-Polish Lubelski, i-Czech Saaz (Žatec), i-Tettnang, kanye ne-Hallertauer Mittelfrüh ziyizindlela ezinhle, ezinikeza umlingiswa odumile.

Abenzi bobhiya bezentengiselwano abafuna enye indlela yeLubelski bavame ukuphendukela kuLubelski noma kuSaaz. Lawa ma-hops anikeza kokubili iphunga elimnandi kanye nokuthembeka kokwenza ubhiya. I-Tettnang ne-Hallertauer Gold zinikeza amanothi afanayo otshani kanye nezinongo, kanye nezinketho zokuphakelwa ezizinzile.

Abathandi bokuzilibazisa kufanele bakhe ubudlelwano nabalimi abakhethekile futhi baqaphe ukukhishwa kwezindawo zokugcina ukudla. Imisebenzi yezentengiselwano kufanele ihlole abathengisi abaningi futhi ihlele ukushintshana kusenesikhathi. Uma udinga ukuthenga i-Nadwislanska, lindela ukugijima okulinganiselwe bese uhlela izindlela zokupheka ngezinhlobo ze-hop ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezigciniwe.

Izifundo zamacala kanye nokusetshenziswa komlando ekwenzeni ubhiya

Abenzi bobhiya nabacwaningi bahlukanise i-Nadwislanska ngezigaba ukuze bathole isiqondiso seresiphi. Isetshenziswa njenge-aromahop yama-lager alula kanye ne-hop ebabayo kancane ezimisweni zakudala zokubilisa. Lokhu kuguquguquka kubonakala ezivivinyweni ezahlukahlukene zokwenziwa kobhiya.

Amarekhodi e-germplasm avela e-Oregon State University kanye ne-USDA aqokomisa ukulondolozwa kweNadwislanska. Lawa marekhodi achaza imvelaphi yawo, izici zawo, kanye nokubaluleka kwawo ngokomlando. Awakhulumi ngezindawo ezithile zokwenza utshwala, kodwa asiza ekwakheni kabusha ubhiya iNadwislanska eyake yanongwa.

Amasiko okwenza ubhiya ePoland ayebheka izimfanelo zephunga elihle kuma-hops endawo. I-Nadwislanska ihlotshaniswa namaphrofayili ephunga lama-lager endabuko asePoland kanye nama-ales endawo. Lokhu kuxhumana kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwama-hops asePoland ekwenzeni ubhiya ukuze kube nobuntu obuhle.

Abapheki bobhiya abahlolayo bangahlola amandla eNadwislanska emidlalweni yokuzijabulisa ye-lager encane. Uma iNadwislanska ingatholakali, ukuqhathaniswa neLubelski, iSaaz, neTettnang kungalinganisa umlingiswa wayo womlando.

• Isivivinyo 1: I-single-hop Nadwislanska pale lager ukuhlola amanothi aphezulu ezimbali namakhambi.
• Isivivinyo sesi-2: Inhlanganisela yeNadwislanska neLubelski ukuze kube nephunga elilinganiselayo le-lager yaseYurophu.
• Isivivinyo sesi-3: Isivivinyo sokuqhathanisa ukubaba sisebenzisa i-Saaz ne-Tettnang ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukubaba okubonakalayo kanye nokubaba okubonakalayo.

Ucwaningo ngalunye kufanele lubhale phansi idatha ye-alpha kanye ne-essential oil, impact dry-hop, kanye namanothi enzwa. Le ndlela ixhumanisa ukuhlaziywa kwesimanje nomlando wokwenza ubhiya kaNadwislanska. Iqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela iyafana kuwo wonke amalabhorethri kanye nezindawo zokwenza ubhiya.

Amaphrojekthi okuvuselela ajulisa ukuqonda kwethu ngobhiya basendulo iNadwislanska. Aveza ukuthi ama-hops asePoland ekwenzeni ubhiya athonya kanjani ukunambitheka kwesifunda. Abapheki bebhiya, ama-maltster, kanye nezazi-mlando bangasebenzisa lezi zifundo ukulandelela umthelela wohlobo olulodwa ezindleleni zokupheka ezindala kanye namasiko okunambitha.

Amanothi okulawula kanye nokuqamba amagama

Ukuqanjwa kwamagama okucacile kubalulekile kubalimi, abenzi bobhiya, kanye nabacwaningi ukuze bagweme ukudideka. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ifomu elilodwa elihambisanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Nadwislanska yemibhalo engenazo izinhlayiya noma i-Nadwislańska lapho isekelwa khona. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwe-Nadwislanska nomenclature emibikweni kwenza kube lula ukulandelela nokuthobela imithetho.

Amarekhodi e-germplasm abalulekile ngezizathu zomthetho nezisebenzayo. Uma ubhekisela ezintweni ezithile zesitshalo, khuluma njalo ngezinombolo ze-USDA zokufinyelela i-Nadwislanska. Isibonelo, ukufinyelela i-21114 kanye nokungena okungenagciwane ku-21524. Lezi zihlonzi ziqopha umsuka, ukutholakala, kanye nesimo se-cultivar emaqoqweni omphakathi e-USDA nasezikhungweni ezibambisene.

Amarejista kanye nama-repository abhala uhlu lwezinhlobo zothando ezihlukile kumanothi awo. Izincwadi zingabonisa kokubili i-Nadwislanska ne-Nadwislańska. Faka zombili izinhlobo lapho kukhulunywa khona okokuqala ukusiza ekusesheni nasekufakweni kwezinkomba. Lo mkhuba usekela ukucaca ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo yokuqamba ama-hop evumela ukuhlonza kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezilandelekayo.

• Thola isitoko esingenawo amagciwane ezindaweni zokugcina izitshalo eziqashelwayo ukuze uhlangabezane nemithetho yokuhlanza izitshalo.
• Qopha izinombolo ze-USDA zokungena eNadwislanska ezingosini zesilingo kanye namadokhumenti okuthumela.
• Landela imithethonqubo yokuqamba ama-hop yokubhala amalebula, ubunikazi bezitshalo, kanye nokubhaliswa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo.

Ukuhweba nokushintshana kocwaningo kuvame ukudinga amaphepha okuhlanzeka kwezitshalo kanye nesitifiketi. Ukungenisa nokuthumela izinto zezitshalo kwamanye amazwe kumele kuhlangabezane nemithetho yezempilo yezitshalo kahulumeni kanye neyamazwe ngamazwe. Cela imvume yokungena lapho abalimi bedinga izinto zeNadwislanska ezingenayo igciwane eziqinisekisiwe.

Uma ulungiselela imibiko noma amalebula, faka izitatimende ezicacile zemvelaphi kanye nezinkomba zokwamukelwa. Ukuqanjwa kwamagama okufanele kweNadwislanska kanye nokufakwa kweNadwislanska okubhalwe phansi kwe-USDA kunciphisa izingxabano mayelana nobunikazi. Kusekela ukwabelana okusobala kwemigqa yokuzalanisa kanye nemfuyo yokutshala.

Ama-hops aseNadwislanska

Lesi sifinyezo seNadwislanska sihlanganisa idatha ibe yireferensi eyodwa yabenzi bobhiya, abalimi, nabacwaningi. Sivela ePoland futhi sihlukaniswa njenge-aromahop. Sinomongo omuhle, wezimbali onezinhlayiya zomhlaba, utshani, kanye nezithelo.

Isifinyezo esifushane sezimpawu zeNadwislanska:

• Ama-Alpha acid: ~3.0%–5.0%.
• Ama-asidi e-Beta: ~2.5%–5.0%.
• I-Cohumulone: ~23% we-alpha iyonke.
• Okuqukethwe uwoyela: cishe 0.5 mL/100 g; i-myrcene ~32%, i-humulene ~27%, i-caryophyllene ~8.2%, i-farnesene ~13.5%.

Amarekhodi e-USDA kanye ne-OSU afaka uhlu lwezinhlobo ze-Nadwislanska (21114, 21524) njengezinto ezingenayo igciwane ku-World Hop Cultivar Collection. Lokhu kuqinisekisa imvelaphi yayo kanye nesimo sayo sokulondolozwa ukuze ihlolwe futhi ifundwe.

Abalimi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi iziqu eziluhlaza zihlukile ku-Lubelski enesiqu esibomvu. Isivuno sivame ukuba siphansi futhi izitshalo zikhombisa ukuthambekela kwamanye amagciwane e-hop. Lokhu kunciphisa indawo yokuhweba naphezu kwezimpawu ezinhle zephunga.

Amaphuzu okusebenza kobuchwepheshe kwabenzi bobhiya afaka phakathi ukubaba okuthambile kanye nephunga elizwakalayo uma kusetshenziswa sekwephuzile eketheni noma ekushiseni okumile. Ukuhlolwa kokugcina kukhombisa cishe ukugcinwa kwe-alpha okungu-58% ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ku-20°C. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa okusha kuyalulekwa.

Ama-application cases ahlanganisa ama-pilsner, ama-saisons, kanye nama-ales akhanyayo lapho kufunwa khona amanothi ezimbali nezithelo ezithambile ngaphandle kokubaba okukhulu. Iphrofayili yokugcina ye-Nadwislańska isekela izindlela zokupheka ezigqamisa iphunga le-hop kunobuntu obuqinile be-resin.

Lesi sifinyezo sezici zeNadwislanska kanye nephrofayili yokugcina yeNadwislańska kusebenza njengomhlahlandlela omfushane nosebenzisekayo. Kungokwanoma ngubani ohlola izinhlobo zezilingo zokulima, amaphaneli ezinzwa, noma ukwakheka kwezindlela zokupheka.

Ipulazi le-hop laseLush Nadwislanska elinamakhoni e-hop ambozwe ngamazolo, ama-trellises enziwe ngokhuni, amagquma aguqayo, kanye nendawo yokwenza utshwala yasemaphandleni enama-kettle ethusi ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esinelanga. Chofoza noma uthephe isithombe ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe kanye nezixazululo eziphezulu.

Isiphetho

Isiphetho sikaNadwislanska: lesi sifinyezo esihle se-hop yasePoland siqokomisa indima yaso esebenzayo. Siletha amanothi athambile ezimbali, omhlaba, notshani ebhiya. Lezi zimfanelo ziyenza ivelele nge-late-kettle, i-whirlpool, kanye ne-dry-hop eyengeziwe. Lokhu kuyihlukanisa nama-hop amnandi ane-alpha ephezulu, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokulondoloza ama-hop anuka kamnandi.

Izinto ezithathwe eNadwislanska zembula ukuthi ayitholakali kalula futhi inezinselele zokutshala. Ngenxa ye-USDA kanye ne-Oregon State University, izinto ezingenayo igciwane ziyatholakala ukuze zicwaningwe futhi zisakazwe ngezinga elincane. Kodwa-ke, isivuno sayo esiphansi kanye nokuthinteka kwayo yizifo kuchaza ukuntuleka kwayo ezimakethe zezentengiselwano, naphezu kwephunga layo elimnandi.

Kulabo abapheki bebhiya abafuna ezinye izindlela, cabanga ngeLubelski, Saaz, Tettnang, noma iHallertauer uma iNadwislanska ingatholakali. Labo abanesifiso sokugcina lolu hlobo lwefa kufanele bahlole amaqoqo e-germplasm ukuze bathole futhi bachaze. Ngamafuphi, iNadwislanska ilungele izitayela zaseYurophu eziqhutshwa yiphunga futhi ifanelwe ukulondolozwa okuqondiwe kanye nokuhlolwa.

Ukufunda Okuqhubekayo

Uma ukujabulele lokhu okuthunyelwe, ungaphinda uthande lezi ziphakamiso:

• Amahops Ekuphiseni Ubhiya: Topaz
• Amahophu Ekuphiseni Ubhiya: I-Horizon
• Ama-Hops in Beer Brewing: Bouclier