Ama-Hops ku-Beer Brewing: I-Fuggle Tetraploid

Isithombe esiseduze samakhoni e-Fuggle Tetraploid hop aluhlaza acwebezela ukukhanya okusagolide okufudumele ngokumelene nengemuva elithambile elifiphele. Ulwazi olwengeziwe

U-Richard Fuggle wathengisa i-Fuggle yasekuqaleni ngo-1875. Yaba ingxenye ebalulekile kuma-ales endabuko, eyaziwa ngamanothi ayo asemhlabeni kanye nezimbali. Imizamo yokuzalanisa e-Wye College futhi kamuva yi-USDA kanye ne-Oregon State University yandisa leli fa laba yizinhlobo ezintsha zofuzo.

E-United States, ukuzalaniswa kwe-hop kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwenguqulo ye-tetraploid Fuggle. Le nguqulo bekungumzali kuma-cultivars abalulekile. Isibonelo, i-Willamette hops, i-triploid hybrid, yakhiwe kusukela kulo mugqa we-Tetraploid Fuggle kanye nesithombo se-Fuggle. Ikhishwe yi-USDA/OSU ngo-1976, i-Willamette ihlanganisa iphunga le-Fuggle nokubaba okumaphakathi. Ngokushesha yaba yisisekelo emayadini e-hop ase-US.

Ukuqonda izakhi zofuzo ze-Humulus lupulus tetraploid kuyisihluthulelo sokwazisa ukubaluleka kwalawa mahops ekukhiqizeni utshwala. Ukuzalaniswa kwe-Tetraploid okuhloswe ngakho ukwandisa ama-alpha acid, ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwembewu, nokuthuthukisa izici ze-agronomic. Lokhu kwenziwa kuyilapho kugcinwa iphunga elimnandi abaphisi botshwala abalazisayo. Umphumela uwumndeni wamahops ashada umlingiswa wesiNgisi wakudala onezimo ezikhulayo zase-US kanye nezidingo zokuphisa utshwala zamanje.

Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile

• I-Fuggle yadabuka e-Kent futhi yathengiswa ngekhulu le-19.
• Imigqa ye-Tetraploid Fuggle yathuthukiswa ngezinhlelo ezisemthethweni zokuzalanisa i-hop.
• I-Willamette hops iyinzalo ye-triploid ekhishwe yi-USDA/OSU ngo-1976.
• Umsebenzi we-Humulus lupulus tetraploid okuhloswe ngawo ukuthuthukisa ama-alpha acid kanye ne-agronomics.
• I-Fuggle Tetraploid hops ibhuloho isiko le-English elimnandi kanye nokutshalwa kwe-US.

Isingeniso se-Fuggle Tetraploid hops kanye nendima yabo ekukhiqizeni utshwala

Ukwethulwa kwe-Fuggle Tetraploid hops kumelela inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile emkhakheni we-English aroma hops wokuphiswa. Lokhu okusha kwaqhutshwa isidingo se-Fuggle-derived hop engachuma ngaphansi kwezimo zasepulazini zase-US. Kwakufanele inikeze isivuno esiphezulu namazinga e-alpha angashintshi, konke kuyilapho ilondoloza iphunga elihlukile lomhlaba. Ukuze bafeze lokhu, abafuyi basebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi ama-chromosome aphindwe kabili, bakha imigqa ye-tetraploid. Lezi kwakulula ukuzihlakulela ngezinga elikhulu.

Ezweni lokuphisa, indima yephunga le-hop ibalulekile. Kumayelana nokuthola ibhalansi phakathi kwezindlela zokukhiqiza utshwala zendabuko kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza ukuthengisa. Amahops e-Fuggle Tetraploid agcwalisa lesi sidingo ngokugcina amanothi e-spice anokhuni, ezimbali, namaphakathi abawakhonzile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bahlinzeka ngomthombo ozinzile walawa makha, abalulekile kuma-ales aseshini, ama-bitters, nama-craft lager.

Ukuhlola umhlaba wokwenza i-aroma hop kuveza ubunjalo bawo obumbaxambili. Zisebenza njengamathuluzi ezinzwa kanye nomphumela wokuzalanisa ngokucophelela. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamahops e-tetraploid kwavumela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha, ezifana neWillamette. Lolu hlobo lwe-hop seluyinto eyisisekelo e-US, eyaziwa ngamanothi ayo ezimbali kanye nezithelo ezibekwe phezu kwesisekelo esicebile, somhlaba.

• Isethulo se-Fuggle Tetraploid: sidalwe ukukala izici zephunga elimnandi lezolimo zentengiso.
• Indima yephunga le-Hop: inikeza amanothi aphezulu anephunga elimnandi achaza izitayela eziningi ze-ale.
• Brewing aroma hops: isetshenziswa sekwephuzile lapho kuphuzwa utshwala noma ekugxumeni okomile ukuze kugcinwe amafutha aguquguqukayo.
• Okuhlukile kwe-Hop: imigqa etholiwe ivumela abaphisi botshwala bakhethe amaphrofayili ephunga elimnandi noma aphimisele kakhudlwana.

Uhambo olusuka ku-hops engadini yesiNgisi yendabuko ukuya ezinhlotsheni zesimanje ezitshalwe ensimini lugqamisa umthelela wokuzalanisa ezinkethweni zezinzwa. I-Fuggle Tetraploid idlale indima eyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-hop. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zigcina iphunga eliyigugu ngenkathi zijwayelana nezidingo zokuvuna ngemishini kanye nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza zase-US. Ngenxa yalokho, abaphisi botshwala bangakwazi ukufinyelela ama-aroma hop angashintshi ahlangabezana nezidingo zezindlela zokupheka zamanje.

Isizinda sezitshalo se-hop genetics ne-ploidy

Amahops ayizitshalo ze-dioecious, ezinabantu besilisa nabesifazane abahlukene. Izigaxa zesifazane zakha izindlala ze-lupulin ezisetshenziswa lapho kuphiswa utshwala uma zingafakwanga impova. Imbewu ye-hop ngayinye imele ingxube yofuzo eyingqayizivele evela kumpova namaqanda.

Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ezitshaliwe zeHumulus lupulus ziyi-diploid, ethwala ama-chromosome angama-20 iseli ngalinye. Lesi sisekelo sithonya ukuzala, amandla, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela kuma-cones.

Abazalanisi basebenzisa i-ploidy kuma-hops ukuze bashintshe izici ezifana nokungabi nambewu, usayizi wekhoni, kanye nekhemistri. Ukwelashwa kwe-Colchicine kungaphinda kabili ama-chromosome ukuze kwakhe imigqa ye-tetraploid enama-chromosome angu-40. Ukuwela i-tetraploid nge-diploid kukhiqiza inzalo ye-triploid enama-chromosome angaba ngu-30.

Izitshalo ze-Triploid zivame ukuba yinyumba, okunciphisa ukwakheka kwembewu futhi kungagxilisa amafutha nama-asidi. Izibonelo zifaka i-Willamette, inzalo ye-triploid evela ku-tetraploid Fuggle ewela nesithombo se-diploid. I-Ultra iyi-tetraploid eyenziwe nge-colchicine etholakala esitokisini sase-Hallertau.

Imiphumela esebenzayo yokushintsha i-ploidy kuma-hops ihlanganisa ukushintsha kumazinga e-alpha acid, amaphrofayili kawoyela neresin, kanye nesivuno. Ukuqonda izakhi zofuzo ze-hop kusiza abalimi ukuthi baqondise izibalo ze-Humulus lupulus chromosome ukuze bahlangabezane nemigomo yokukhiqiza kanye nezolimo.

• I-Diploid: ama-chromosome angu-20; amafomu ajwayelekile atshaliwe.
• I-Tetraploid: ama-chromosome angu-40; idalwe ngokuphindwe kabili kwe-chromosome ukuze kuguqulwe izici.
• I-Triploid: ~ ama-chromosome angu-30; umphumela weziphambano ze-tetraploid × diploid, ngokuvamile ezingenambewu.

Usosayensi ogqoke ijazi lelebhu emhlophe ehlola amakhoni e-hop endaweni eluhlaza okotshani. Ulwazi olwengeziwe

Umlando we-Fuggle: kusuka ezivandeni zase-Kent kuya ethonyeni lomhlaba jikelele

Uhambo lwe-Fuggle lwaqala e-Horsmonden, e-Kent, ngo-1861. Isitshalo se-wild hop sadonsa ukunaka kwabalimi bendawo. U-Richard Fuggle wabe esethengisa le nhlobonhlobo ngo-1875. Lo msuka usekelwe engadini encane yase-Kent kanye nabalimi abafunda inkathi ye-Victorian.

Ama-Kent hops adlale indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umlingiswa ka-Fuggle. Ubumba olumanzi lwe-Wealden oluzungeze i-Horsmonden lunikeze ukuluma okusha, okuhlanzekile. Lokhu kwakuhlukile kune-East Kent Goldings etshalwe enhlabathini enochaki. Lokhu kuqhathanisa kusize ukuchaza ifa le-British hop kanye nama-flavour profile brewers afunwe ama-ales endabuko.

I-Wye College kanye nabafuyi abafana no-Ernest Salmon baqala izinhlelo zokuzalanisa ezisemthethweni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Imizamo yabo yaholela eziphambanweni zamabomu njengeBrewer's Gold futhi yacwengisisa izimila eziningi. Naphezu kwalezi ntuthuko, imvelaphi ye-Fuggle yayigcina ibalulekile ngenxa yephunga layo nokumelana nezifo.

UFuggle waba umzali emigqeni eminingi yokuzalanisa. Izakhi zofuzo zayo zaba nomthelela ezinhlobonhlobo ezifana neWillamette. Iphinde yabamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni ze-transatlantic ezakhiqiza i-Cascade neCentennial. Leli fa lixhumanisa umlando ka-Fuggle nendaba ebanzi yama-hops esabalala emhlabeni jikelele.

Umthelela we-Fuggle kumagugu e-British hop ubonakala ezindaweni ezikhiqiza utshwala nezixube ezentengiselwano. Abadayisi bayaqhubeka nokusebenzisa lawa ma-hops e-Kent ngohlamvu lwawo lwesiNgisi lwakudala, ukujula kwephunga elimnandi, nokuxhumeka kumasiko ophiso lwendawo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-tetraploid Fuggle e-USDA nase-OSU

Ngo-1967, umzamo omkhulu wokuzalanisa i-USDA OSU hop waguqula ukuzalaniswa kwe-Fuggle. UDkt. Al Haunold wase-Oregon State University usebenzise i-colchicine kuma-double hop chromosome. Le nqubo iguqule izitshalo ze-diploid Fuggle zaba ama-tetraploid anama-chromosome angu-40.

Umgomo wokuthuthukiswa kwe-Fuggle ye-tetraploid bekuwukugcina iphunga le-Fuggle lakudala ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izici zenkundla. Abafuyi bafuna isivuno esiphezulu, ukuhambisana okungcono komshini wokuvuna, kanye namazinga e-alpha-acid afanele izindinganiso zokuphisa utshwala zezentengiso zase-US.

Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwemigqa ye-tetraploid, uhlelo lwabawela ngezithombo ze-diploid Fuggle. Lesi siphambano sikhiqize ama-triploid akhethiwe, amaningi angenambewu nama-cones amakhulu. Amarekhodi okutholwa kwe-USDA aklelisa i-tetraploid Fuggle njenge-USDA 21003 futhi uphawule ukuthi i-Willamette njengokukhethwa No.

Ukuzalaniswa kwe-USDA OSU hop kuhlanganiswe i-cytogenetics nezinhloso ezisebenzayo. Ukuphindwa kabili kwe-chromosome ye-Hop kuvumela ukudalwa kwamaleveli anoveli e-ploidy. Lokhu kugcine iphrofayili yezinzwa ze-Fuggle ngenkathi yengeza amandla e-agronomic. Ababelethi bachaze umphumela njengeFuggle ethuthukisiwe ngokofuzo, ejwayele ukukhiqizwa kwesimanje kwase-US.

Le miphumela yokuzalanisa ibe nomthelela ekukhishweni kwezentengiselwano kamuva kanye nokukhetha okusetshenziswa abalimi nabaphisi botshwala. Indlela yabonisa ukuthi ukuphindwa kabili kwe-chromosome eyenziwe nge-colchicine kanye nokuwela ngokucophelela kungaguqula kanjani izinhlobonhlobo zamagugu. Kwenza ifaneleke kangcono ukukhiqizwa nokutshalwa kwesilinganiso esikhulu saseMelika.

UWillamette nezinye izizukulwane: imiphumela esebenzayo ye-Fuggle tetraploid

Ukuzalanisa i-Fuggle tetraploid kwaguqula ukukhiqizwa kwe-hop yaseMelika ngokwethula abazali abasha bezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. I-USDA kanye ne-Oregon State University basebenze ndawonye ukuze bakhe imigqa ehlangabezana nezidingo ze-acreage yase-US kanye nokuthandwayo kotshwala. Lo mzamo uguqule i-aroma hop yaseBrithani ibe isitshalo esisebenzayo sase-US.

I-Willamette hops yayiwumphumela oqondile walo msebenzi, owakhululwa ngo-1976. Abalimi e-Oregon basheshe bawuthatha ngenxa yephunga lawo elifana ne-English Fuggle kanye nezivuno ezingaguquki. Lokhu kwenza i-Willamette yaba isisekelo esikhulu e-US, ikhulisa ukutshala e-Willamette Valley.

Ukuzalanisa kuphinde kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwenzalo kaFuggle ngokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene. Uzalo lweCascade, olwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1950s, lwalubandakanya uFuggle noSerebrianka. Lokhu kwaholela ekukhululweni kweCascade ngo-1972. Ama-hop amaningi esimanjemanje, okuhlanganisa i-Centennial, alandela emuva ku-Fuggle ohlwini lozalo lwawo.

Le miphumela ilethe i-agronomics ethuthukisiwe kanye nobunikazi bemakethe obucacile kubaphisi botshwala base-US. Ukukhwabanisa kwe-Tetraploid kwavumela abalimi ukuthi bagxile ekubekezeleleni izifo, isivuno, nokuzinza kwephunga. Amanye ama-clones ase-US kamuva adayiswa ngaphansi kwamagama ajwayelekile aseYurophu, okubangela ukudideka mayelana nemvelaphi nekhwalithi.

• Umphumela wokuzalanisa: Izinhlobo zephunga elimnandi ezinesivuno esingcono nokulingana kwesifunda.
• Umthelela kwezohwebo: Ama-Willamette hops athathe indawo yokungenisa ezweni futhi asekela ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya.
• Inothi lomugqa: Uzalo lwe-Cascade neminye imigqa igcine izici ze-Fuggle ngenkathi yengeza umlingiswa waseMelika.

Le miphumela yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukunikezwa kwe-hop nokukhetha kotshwala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. AbakwaBrewers manje base benemithombo yasekhaya ethembekile elandela emuva kufuzo lwakudala lwesiNgisi. Le nhlanganisela ye-flavour yendabuko kanye nemikhuba yokulima ye-New World isibe uphawu oluphawulekayo lokuphiswa kwesimanje.

Iphrofayili ye-aroma ne-flavour ye-Fuggle Tetraploid hops

Iphunga le-Fuggle Tetraploid liyisiNgisi, eligxile kumhlaba. Iletha umuzwa wenhlabathi emanzi, amaqabunga, kanye nokunambitheka okomile kwe-herbal. Le nhlanganisela idala ubhiya ngaphandle kokwengeza ubumnandi.

Ukunambitheka kwe-hop kudlulela ukufaka amanothi emifino anokhuni nababayo. Njenge-foundation hop, isekela i-malt futhi yengeza ukusha okuqabulayo kuma-ales endabuko.

Izizukulwane ezinjengoWillamette zengeza izinongo zezimbali namanothi ezithelo ezilula. Ukuhlaziywa kukaWillamette kukhombisa ingqikithi yamafutha eduze kuka-0.8-1.2 ml/100 g. I-Myrcene iyabusa, i-humulene, i-caryophyllene, ne-farnesene enezela ephunga eliyinkimbinkimbi.

I-Teroir nokuzalanisa kuthonya ukunambitheka kokugcina. I-Kent-grown Fuggle inethoni yomhlaba ehlanzekile, ecwebezelayo evela enhlabathini yobumba ye-Wealden. Imigqa esekhulile yase-US ivamise ukuba namanothi ezimbali aqhakazile nafiphele avela eWillamette Valley.

Ukusebenzisa iphunga le-Fuggle Tetraploid imayelana nebhalansi. Ilungele labo abafuna amahops asemhlabeni njengomgogodla. Ukuze uthole amanothi ezimbali engeziwe, yihlanganise neWillamette ukuze uthuthukise izinongo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umhlaba.

• Okuyinhloko: ama-hops asemhlabeni kanye namanothi e-herbal omile
• Okwesibili: amakhambi anokhuni, ababayo, nezithelo ezithambile
• Ukuhluka: amanothi e-spice hop ezimbali ezizukulwaneni zase-US

Ukubuka eduze kwamakhoni e-Fuggle Tetraploid hop amasha agxile ngokucijile anengemuva elifiphele kancane. Ulwazi olwengeziwe

Izici ezibabayo nebanga le-alpha/beta acid

Ama-hop esiNgisi endabuko, afana ne-Fuggle ne-Goldings, adume ngokuba nenzondo elinganiselayo. Ama-alpha acid e-Fuggle awela phakathi kwebanga elimaphakathi, agqamisa inani lawo ephunga elimnandi ngaphezu kokubaba okunzima.

E-United States nase-United Kingdom, abafuyi bakhulise ngempumelelo okuqukethwe kwe-hop resin. Umgomo wabo kwakuwukuthuthukisa ama-alpha acid kancane kuyilapho belondoloza amafutha ahlukile asemhlabeni ephunga le-Fuggle.

Izinhlobo ezihlobene, njenge-Willamette, ngokuvamile zinebanga le-alpha acid ukusuka kumaphesenti angu-4 kuya ku-6.5. Ama-beta acid ngokuvamile asukela kumaphesenti angu-3.5 kuya ku-4.5. Idatha ye-USDA yembula ukuhlukahluka okuthile, ngamavelu e-alpha kaWillamette ngezikhathi ezithile afinyelela kumaphesenti angu-11. Ama-beta acid angahluka ukusuka kumaphesenti angama-2.9 kuye kwangama-5.0 eminyakeni ethile.

I-Cohumulone idlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ikhwalithi yokumunyu. Imigqa esuselwe ku-Willamette kanye ne-Fuggle ngokuvamile inamazinga amaphakathi e-cohumulone, ngokuvamile phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-20s namaphakathi nama-30s yenani le-alpha. Lokhu kunomthelela ekubabeni okuthambile, okuyindilinga uma kuqhathaniswa namahops ane-cohumulone ephezulu kakhulu.

• Ama-alpha acid: anesizotha ezinhlotsheni ze-Fuggle zendabuko, ngokuvamile ama-4–7% ekukhethweni kwe-tetraploid.
• Ama-Beta acids: anomthelela ekuzinzeni kokuguga kanye nephunga; ngokuvamile 3–4.5% kuma-cultivar ahlobene.
• I-Cohumulone: ingxenye ebalulekile ye-alpha ethonya ukuluma nokushelela.
• Okuqukethwe kwe-hop resin: ama-resin ahlanganisiwe anquma inani elibabayo nelilondolozayo.

Kwabaphisi botshwala, ukubaba kwe-hop okungaguquki kubaluleke kakhulu kunamanani aphezulu. Ukukhetha ama-Fuggle tetraploid noma ama-Willamette clones kuvumela abaphisi botshwala ukuthi bengeze ubumunyu obulinganisiwe kuyilapho begcina amakha esiNgisi akudala.

Izici ze-Agronomic: isivuno, ukumelana nezifo, nokuziphatha kokuvuna

Ukushintshela ku-tetraploid hop agronomics kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kwenkambu, kudwetshwa emigqeni esuselwe ku-Fuggle. Abalimi balinganisela isivuno se-Willamette njengesihle kakhulu, ngobubanzi obuvamile obuseduze kwama-lbs angu-1,700–2,200 ehektare ngalinye ngaphansi kwezimo eziphethwe. Amarekhodi asuka kuma-1980s kanye nawo-1990s agqamisa ukunwetshwa kwama-acreage okusheshayo kanye nokukhiqizwa okuqinile okuphelele. Lokhu kukhombisa amandla athembekile kanye nembuyiselo yesivuno yalezi zinhlobonhlobo.

Imikhuba yezitshalo kanye nobude bengalo esemaceleni kubalulekile ekuhleleni ukuvuna ngomshini. I-Willamette ikhiqiza izingalo eziseceleni ezingaba ama-intshi angu-24–40 futhi ifinyelela ekuvuthweni okuphakathi. Lezi zici zenza kube lula ukugcina isikhathi futhi zinciphise ukulahleka kwezitshalo, okubalulekile lapho uxhumanisa abasebenzi nemishini phakathi namafasitela okuvuna amafushane.

Ukumelana nezifo kuyinto ehamba phambili ekuzaleni. I-Tetraploid hop agronomics ihlanganisa ukukhethwa kokumelana nezifo okuthuthukisiwe ku-downy mildew kanye nokubekezelela i-Verticillium wilt. Ukuzalanisa okungokomlando e-Wye College, USDA, nase-Oregon State University kuhloswe ukubekezelela i-wilt kanye nezinga eliphansi legciwane. Lokhu kubangele imigqa engenawo amagciwane e-mosaic avamile.

Abavuni bemishini babeke inselele ezinhlotsheni ezindala ze-Fuggle ngenxa yezimbali ezintekenteke kanye nokuqukethwe kwembewu ephezulu. Ukuguqulwa kwe-tetraploid kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa ukuhambisana komshini wokuvuna ngokukhiqiza ama-cones aminyene kanye nezakhiwo eziqinile zezitshalo. Lolu shintsho lwehlise ukulimala kwekhoni kanye nokuphatha okuthuthukisiwe phakathi nokulandwa nokucubungula.

Ukuzinza kwesitoreji kanye nokuphatha ngemva kokuvuna kunethonya elikhulu ekuthengiseni. I-Willamette ikhombisa ukuzinza okuhle kwesitoreji, igcina amaphrofayili ephunga kanye ne-alpha lapho omisiwe futhi epakishwe ngendlela efanele. Lokhu kuzinza kusekela ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kuzo zonke izimakethe zase-US futhi kuhambisana namazinga okukhiqiza ezentengiso.

Izinketho zabalimi abasebenzayo zithonywa indawo nokuphatha. Impilo yomhlabathi, izinhlelo ze-trellis, kanye nokulawulwa okudidiyelwe kwezinambuzane kubumba imiphumela yokugcina yesivuno kanye nokumelana nezifo. Abalimi abalinganisa lezi zici bavame ukubona imbuyiselo engcono kakhulu evela ku-tetraploid hop agronomics kanye nokulula okukhulu nokuhambisana komshini wokuvuna.

Inkambu ye-hop eluhlaza enamabhina aluhlaza, amakhoni e-hop avuthiwe ngaphambili, nemigqa emide enwebeka ibheke emagqumeni akude. Ulwazi olwengeziwe

Imiphumela ye-terroir yesifunda: ukuqhathanisa kwe-Kent vs Willamette Valley

Umhlabathi, isimo sezulu, kanye nemikhuba yasendaweni kunethonya elikhulu kuma-hop terroir. Inhlabathi kashoki yase-East Kent kanye nesithunzi sayo semvula kwakha indawo eyingqayizivele. Lapha, ihlobo liyafudumala, ubusika bupholile, nomoya onosawoti omningi wengeza inothi elicashile lasolwandle kuma-Kent hop.

I-Fuggle ne-East Kent Goldings ziyisibonelo sokuthi i-terroir ilithinta kanjani iphunga. Amagolide avela e-East Kent avame ukuba namanothi e-spice afudumele, anoju, nawomisiwe. Ngokuphambene, i-Fuggle from the Weald, etshalwe obumba olusindayo, inambitheka kakhudlwana futhi icwebezelayo.

Ama-hops aseWillamette Valley abonisa isimo sezulu esihlukile. Inhlabathi yase-Oregon kanye nenkathi yokukhula ethambile, emanzi ikhuthaza ukubonakaliswa kwamafutha ezimbali kanye nezithelo. Izinhlelo zokuzalanisa zase-US e-Oregon State University kanye ne-USDA zigxile ezinhlobonhlobo ezigcina iphunga elifana ne-Fuggle ngenkathi zijwayela ukucindezela kwezifo zendawo kanye nezinhlobo zomhlabathi.

Ukuzijwayeza kwendawo kungashintsha ama-alpha acid kanye nebhalansi kawoyela ebalulekile. Lolu shintsho luchaza umehluko wokunambitheka kwe-hop yesifunda phakathi kwempahla etshalwe yi-Kent kanye ne-Willamette. Abadidiyeli botshwala bayaqaphela la mashifu lapho bekhetha ama-hops eqhaza elimnandi noma elibabayo.

• I-East Kent: ushoki, ithunzi lemvula, umoya kasawoti - ukufudumala, uju nezinongo e-East Kent Goldings.
• Weald of Kent: inhlabathi yobumba - cleaner, crisper Fuggle uhlamvu.
• I-Willamette Valley: Inhlabathi ye-Oregon nesimo sezulu - izimbali eziningi nezithelo ku-Willamette Valley hops.

Ukuqonda i-hop terroir kusiza abaphisi botshwala ekubikezeleni ukuthi i-hop izowaveza kanjani amafutha nama-flavour kubhiya. Umehluko wokunambitheka kwe-hop wesifunda ubalulekile lapho ushintsha ama-Kent hop esikhundleni se-Willamette Valley hops noma okuphambene nalokho.

Izicelo zokuphisa utshwala: izitayela, amashejuli wokugxumagxuma, nokushintshwa

I-Fuggle Tetraploid ilingana kahle nama-ales akudala ase-British, lapho amanothi ayo asemhlabeni nawemithi ehambisana nobumnandi be-malt. Isetshenziselwa ukubaba okulinganiselwe kanye nesengezo sekwephuzile ukuze kuthuthukiswe iphunga. Lapho ukhiqiza, hlose ukuthola amanani e-alpha-acid anesizotha ukuze ulondoloze ibhalansi futhi ulondoloze isimo sayo esiqinile.

Ekwenziweni kotshwala baseMelika, i-Willamette ivame ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni se-Fuggle Tetraploid. Inikeza ukunikezwa okuhlanzekile kanye nethoni yezimbali ekhanya kancane. I-Willamette iletha umhlaba ofanayo ngokuthinta i-rose kanye nezinongo, okuyenza ilungele i-bitters yesitayela sesiNgisi sendabuko, i-milds, nama-ales ansundu.

Lapho uhlela amashejuli wokugxuma, cabangela umphumela owufisayo. Sebenzisa izengezo zeketela zakuqala ukuze umunyu womgogodla, ubilise phakathi nendawo ukuze wenze ukunambitheka kwe-flavour, kanye negedlela eliphuzile, i-whirlpool, noma i-dry-hop ukuze uthole iphunga. Ngobhiya beseshini, thanda ukwengezwa sekwephuzile kanye nama-IBU aphansi ukuze ubonise iphunga elimnandi le-hop ngaphandle kokwehlula i-malt.

Ngama-lager nama-hybrid ales, phatha ama-hops asuselwa ku-Fuggle njengezinhloso ezimbili. Sebenzisa amashaji amancane okubaba futhi ugcine iningi le-hop ukuze uthole iphunga. Lokhu kulondoloza izici ezicashile zamakhambi nezimbali ezingajulisa ubunkimbinkimbi be-lager ngaphandle kokwenyusa umunyu.

Isiqondiso sokushintsha siyasebenza: shintshanisa i-Fuggle ye-Willamette ngesilinganiso sokukodwa kokukodwa lapho iphunga libaluleke kakhulu. Ukuze uthole iphrofayili yezimbali elula, cabangela i-Hallertau noma i-Liberty njengezinye izinketho zephunga elimnandi. Lungisa isikhathi sokwengeza ngokusekelwe kumehluko we-alpha-acid, hhayi isisindo kuphela.

• Ukubaba kwendabuko: 60–75% izengezo zakuqala, okusalayo sekuphuzile ukuze uthole iphunga.
• Ama-ales agxile ku-aroma: i-whirlpool esindayo kanye ne-dry-hop eneshaji elincane lokuqala elibabayo.
• Amashejuli we-Hybrid: ukwengezwa kwehlukanisa phakathi kokuqala, okuphakathi, kanye ne-whirlpool ukuze kwakhiwe izinongo ezinezingqimba namanothi omhlaba.

Ukuzalanisa i-tetraploid yezentengiselwano okuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa isivuno nokunciphisa imbewu, okwenza ukuphisa nge-Fuggle Tetraploid kuhambisane kakhulu kubakhiqizi abakhulu. Amashejuli wokugxuma wesimanje ngokuvamile abeka okuphuma ku-Fuggle endaweni yokubilisa sekwephuzile kanye ne-whirlpool ukuze kwandiswe iphunga elimnandi kuyilapho kugcina amanani okubabayo anesizotha.

Umshini wotshwala owenziwe nge-silhoueted ngokumelene nokukhanya okufudumele wengeza ama-hops eketela le-copper endlini yokuphisa yase-rustic Ulwazi olwengeziwe

Ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiso nokutholakala e-United States

Ukukhiqizwa kweWillamette kwaqala ngo-1976 futhi kwanda ngokushesha e-Oregon. Abalimi bakhangwa izici zayo eziyingqayizivele, ezihlanganisa izigaxa ezingenambewu kanye nesivuno esiphezulu. Lezi zici zazilungele ukuvuna okwenziwe ngemishini.

Ngo-1986, i-Willamette yahlanganisa amahektha angaba ngu-2,100, ikhiqiza cishe amaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-3.4. Lokhu kubalele cishe u-6.9% wokuphuma kwe-hop yase-US. Ukuthandwa kwalolu hlobo kwaqhubeka nokukhula ngeminyaka yawo-1990.

Ngo-1997, i-Willamette yaba i-hop yesithathu etshalwe kakhulu e-US Yahlanganisa amahektha angaba ngu-7,578 futhi yakhiqiza amapondo ayizigidi ezingu-11.144. Lokhu kuphawule ingqopha-mlando ekukhiqizweni kwe-hop yase-US.

Amathrendi e-US hop acreage akhombisa umthelela wesidingo semakethe namacultivar amasha. I-USDA kanye ne-Oregon State University kube ukhiye ekuthuthukiseni lezi zinhlobo ezintsha. Umsebenzi wabo wenze ukukhetha kwe-tetraploid ne-triploid esitokisini sesiNgisi kwanda kakhulu.

Ukutholakala kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-Hop kushintsha minyaka yonke futhi kuyehluka ngokwesifunda. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Yakima Chief Ranches, John I. Haas, kanye ne-CLS Farms zidlala indima enkulu ekusabalaliseni lezi zinhlobonhlobo. Basiza ukwenza i-Willamette nezinye izinhlobo ezifanayo zifinyeleleke kalula kubaphisi botshwala.

I-USDA ibala iWillamette njengesilimo esidayisa ngaphandle kwemikhawulo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuthi abalimi nabasabalalisi basebenzisane nezinhlobonhlobo.

• Ukutholwa komlimi: ukuvuna ngomshini kuthanda izinhlobo ezitholakala ku-tetraploid.
• Isabelo semakethe: I-Willamette yaba yisisekelo se-aroma hop ezindaweni eziningi zotshwala zase-US.
• Ukusatshalaliswa: amafomu e-triploid angenambewu athuthukise ukutholakala kohwebo kwe-Fuggle tetraploid ezweni lonke.

Abadayisi kufanele bahlele ama-oda abo kusenesikhathi ngama-hops eWillamette. Isidingo sesifunda kanye nezinguquko zesivuno sonyaka zingathinta ukutholakala nezintengo. Ukubheka imibiko ye-hop acreage yase-US kungasiza ukubikezela lawa mathrendi.

Ilabhorethri nekhwalithi yamamethrikhi kubathengi be-hop nabaphisi botshwala

Amamethrikhi elebhu ye-Hop abalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi kukho kokubili ukuthenga nokukhiqiza utshwala. Amalabhorethri ahlinzeka ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-alpha acid, ebonisa amandla okubaba we-hop. Abadayisi bathembele kule datha ukubala inani elidingekayo lama-hops ukuze bathole amayunithi abo afunwa yi-International Bitterness Units (IBU).

Lapho behlola ama-hops, abathengi baphinde bagxile emafutheni aphelele kanye nokwakheka kwawo. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekubikezeleni iphunga le-hop. Amaphesenti e-myrcene, i-humulene, i-caryophyllene, ne-farnesene abalulekile ekunqumeni umlingiswa we-wet-hop kanye nokuhlelela okungeziwe kwe-dry-hop.

I-Cohumulone, ingxenye yama-alpha acid, ingenye imethrikhi enentshisekelo. Kukholelwa ukuthi abaphisi botshwala abaningi bafaka isandla ekubabeni okuqinile, okubukhali. Lesi sici sivame ukuqhathaniswa lapho kuhlolwa ama-Willamette hops ngokumelene nezinye izinhlobo ezitholakala ku-Fuggle.

Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlaziya ama-hops zifaka indlela ye-ASBC spectrophotometric kanye ne-gas chromatography yokwakheka kukawoyela. Amalabhorethri athembekile ahlinzeka ngesithombe esiphelele ngokuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-alpha acid nephesenti le-cohumulone kanye nephrofayela kawoyela enemininingwane.

Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ama-Willamette hops abonise amazinga e-alpha acid angaguquki eduze kuka-6.6% kanye nama-beta acid azungeze u-3.8%. Ingqikithi yamafutha isukela ku-0.8 kuya ku-1.2 ml/100 g. I-Myrcene, uwoyela ohamba phambili, kubikwe ukuthi uphakathi kuka-30% no-51%, kuya ngomthombo.

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-Hop kuhlanganisa kokubili ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali nempilo yezitshalo. Abahlinzeki bezentengiselwano nezikhungo ezifana ne-USDA ne-Oregon State University baqinisekisa isimo sokungabi nagciwane, ukuhlonza okuhlukahlukene, kanye namamethrikhi elebhu angaguquki ekufinyeleleni kwe-hop ngakunye.

Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zabathengi zifaka:

• Ibuyekeza izitifiketi zokuhlola i-alpha acid ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla okubaba.
• Ukuqhathanisa iphesenti le-cohumulone ukuze ulindele uhlamvu olubabayo.
• Ihlola isamba samafutha kanye nengxenye ye-myrcene yokuhlela iphunga.
• Ukucela ukuhlolwa kwegciwane kanye nezifo njengengxenye yokulawula ikhwalithi ye-hop.

Izinhlelo zokuzalanisa zihlose ukulinganisa ama-alpha acid ngenani lokulondoloza namaphrofayili kawoyela ukuze kunuke. Le bhalansi ibhalwe ku-USDA kanye namarekhodi asenyuvesi, isiza abathengi ekuhloleni ukuvumelana phakathi kokuvunwa.

Ifa lokuzalanisa: I-Fuggle Tetraploid hops ithonya izinhlobo zesimanje

I-Fuggle itshale uhlu lozalo lwe-hop olubanzi olufinyelela kuma-cultivar amaningi anamuhla. Abazalanisi baseWye College, i-USDA, kanye ne-Oregon State University basebenzisa i-Fuggle ne-Golding genetics. Babehlose ukudala imigqa enama-alpha acid aphezulu kanye nokubekezelela izifo okunamandla. Leli thonya lokuzalanisa i-hop libonakala ngephunga, isivuno, nezici zokuqina kuzo zonke izifunda.

UWillamette umi njengesibonelo esicacile sefa likaFuggle e-United States. Izalwe esitokisini esihlobene ne-Fuggle futhi yaguqulelwa i-acreage yaseMelika, i-Willamette inikeze ukungabi nambewu, isivuno esiqinile, kanye nephunga elimnandi elilondoloziwe. Abalimi bamukele njengesenzo se-Fuggle esisebenzayo, bakha i-hop acreage namaphrofayili e-flavour kabhiya.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-Tetraploid nezindlela ze-triploid zihambise amaphunga e-Fuggle afiselekayo ezinhlobonhlobo ezikwazi ukuhweba. Lezi zindlela zisize ukulungisa izici ezifana namanothi ezimbali nezomhlaba ngenkathi zithuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-agronomic. Uzalo lwe-hop oluvela kulezi zinhlelo lusekela izindlela eziningi zesimanje ze-hop zokwehla.

Ukwehla kwezinhlobo zesimanje ze-hop kubonisa ukukhethwa ngamabomu kwezidingo zophisi. I-Cascade ne-Centennial ilandelela ingxenye yendaba yofuzo emuva emigqeni yendabuko yaseYurophu ehlanganisa ithonya le-Fuggle. Lolu hlu lozalo luchaza ukuthi kungani imindeni ethile enephunga elimnandi iphindelela ekwenziweni kophuzo oludakayo kusuka ku-alles ophaphathekile kuya kokubabayo kwendabuko.

Abazalanisi bayaqhubeka nokumba izakhi zofuzo eziphuma ku-Fuggle ukuze zithole ukumelana nezifo kanye nokuzinza kwephunga. Iziphambano eziqhubekayo zihlose ukuhlanganisa uhlamvu lwakudala lwe-Fuggle nezici ezifanele ukukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu. Umthelela wokuzalanisa i-hop ugcina amaphrofayili endabuko ehambisana nezimakethe zanamuhla zikabhiya nezohwebo.

Isiphetho

Isiphetho se-Fuggle Tetraploid sigqamisa ukuvela kwe-aroma hop yesiNgisi yakudala ibe ithuluzi lesimanjemanje lokuphisa. Iphunga layo elinomhlaba, elizinzile lihlala libalulekile kuma-ales wendabuko. Ukuzalanisa i-Tetraploid kwalondoloza lezi zimfanelo, kwathuthukisa ama-alpha acid, ukungabi nambewu, kanye nesivuno. Lokhu kwenza i-Fuggle yafaneleka kubo bobabili abaphisi botshwala bezandla nabezentengiselwano.

Isifinyezo sokuzalanisa i-hop sibonisa umsebenzi we-USDA kanye ne-Oregon State University. Baguqule i-diploid Fuggle genetics yaba imigqa ye-tetraploid, benza inzalo ye-triploid efana ne-Willamette. Isifinyezo se-Willamette sibonisa impumelelo yayo: sinikeza iphunga lesitayela se-Fuggle nge-agronomics ethuthukisiwe. Yaba ukhiye we-US aroma hop, i-terroir yesifunda efanelekile kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu.

Imiphumela yotshwala iyabonakala kubaphisi botshwala abafuna ama-aroma hop ahlanganisa isiko nokuvumelana. Izimila ezitholakala ku-Tetraploid zihlinzeka ngamanothi afana ne-Fuggle ngenkathi zibhekana nezidingo zesimanje. Baqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-alpha, ukubekezelela izifo, kanye nesivuno esithembekile. Lokhu kubenza balungele ukuklanywa kweresiphi kanye nokutholakala, ukuhlanganisa ukunambitheka kwefa kanye nezidingo zokuhlinzekwa kwesimanje.

Ukufunda Okuqhubekayo

Uma ukujabulele lokhu okuthunyelwe, ungaphinda uthande lezi ziphakamiso:

• Amahops eBeer Brewing: Petham Golding
• Ama-Hops in Beer Brewing: Eastwell Golding
• Ama-Hops ku-Beer Brewing: Talisman