Hops a cikin Biya: Fuggle Tetraploid

Hoton kusa-kusa na koren Fuggle Tetraploid hop cones masu walƙiya cikin haske mai ɗumi na zinare a kan bango mai laushi mai laushi. Karin bayani

Richard Fuggle ya tallata Fuggle na asali a cikin 1875. Ya zama muhimmin sashi a cikin ales na gargajiya, wanda aka sani da bayanan ƙasa da na fure. Ƙoƙarin kiwo a Kwalejin Wye kuma daga baya ta USDA da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon sun faɗaɗa wannan gado zuwa sababbin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta.

A Amurka, hop kiwo ya haifar da ƙirƙirar tetraploid Fuggle version. Wannan sigar ta kasance iyaye ga mahimman cultivars. Misali, Willamette hops, nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i na nau'i) an samo su ne daga wannan layin tetraploid Fuggle da kuma Seedling na Fuggle. USDA/OSU ta sake shi a cikin 1976, Willamette ya haɗu da ƙamshin Fuggle tare da matsakaicin ɗaci. Nan da nan ya zama babban jigo a cikin yadi na hop na Amurka.

Fahimtar kwayoyin halittar Humulus lupulus tetraploid shine mabuɗin don sanin mahimmancin waɗannan hops a cikin ƙira. Kiwon Tetraploid da nufin haɓaka alpha acid, rage samuwar iri, da haɓaka halayen agronomic. Anyi hakan ne yayin da ake adana ƙamshin ƙamshin da masu shayarwa ke ɗauka. Sakamako shine dangin hops waɗanda suka auri halayen Ingilishi na yau da kullun tare da yanayin haɓakar Amurka da buƙatun girka na zamani.

Key Takeaways

• Fuggle ya samo asali ne daga Kent kuma an tallata shi a karni na 19.
• An haɓaka layin Tetraploid Fuggle ta hanyar shirye-shiryen kiwo na yau da kullun.
• Willamette hops zuriya ce ta uku da USDA/OSU ta saki a cikin 1976.
• Humulus lupulus tetraploid aikin da nufin haɓaka alpha acid da agronomics.
• Fuggle Tetraploid hops yana gada al'adar kamshin turanci da noman Amurka.

Gabatarwa zuwa Fuggle Tetraploid hops da rawar da suke takawa a cikin ƙira

Gabatarwar Fuggle Tetraploid hops yana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin daular turancin turare mai kamshi don shayarwa. Wannan ƙirƙira ta samo asali ne ta buƙatun da aka samu Fuggle wanda zai iya bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin yanayin gonakin Amurka. Dole ne ya ba da mafi girma yawan amfanin ƙasa da daidaitattun matakan alpha, duk yayin da yake kiyaye ƙamshi na musamman. Don cimma wannan, masu shayarwa sun yi amfani da dabarar da ake kira chromosomes biyu, ƙirƙirar layin tetraploid. Waɗannan sun kasance mafi sauƙi don noma akan babban sikelin.

Cikin duniyar shayarwa, aikin ƙanshin hop yana da mahimmanci. Yana da game da nemo ma'auni tsakanin hanyoyin noma na gargajiya da kuma buƙatun samar da kasuwanci. Fuggle Tetraploid hops ya cika wannan buƙatu ta hanyar riƙe da itace, furen fure, da ɗanɗano kayan yaji waɗanda masu shayarwa ke so. A lokaci guda kuma, suna samar da ingantaccen tushen waɗannan ƙamshi, masu mahimmanci ga ales, masu ɗaci, da lagers.

Binciken duniyar ƙamshi mai ƙamshi mai ƙamshi yana bayyana yanayin su biyu. Suna aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na hankali da kuma sakamakon kiwo a hankali. Ci gaban tetraploid hops ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar sabbin cultivars, irin su Willamette. Wannan nau'in hop ɗin ya zama babban jigo a Amurka, wanda aka sani da furanninsa na furanni da kuma bayanin kula na 'ya'yan itace wanda aka shimfiɗa akan tushe mai arziƙi.

• Fuggle Tetraploid Gabatarwa: an ƙirƙira shi don auna yanayin ƙamshi na yau da kullun don aikin noma na kasuwanci.
• Matsayin kamshi na Hop: yana ba da babban bayanin kula masu kamshi waɗanda ke ayyana nau'ikan ale da yawa.
• Ƙashin ƙamshi mai ƙamshi: ana amfani da shi a makare a cikin busasshen busassun don adana mai.
• Bambance-bambancen Hop: Layukan da aka samu suna barin masu shayarwa su zaɓi bayanan ƙamshi mai zurfi ko fiye da faɗin ƙamshi.

Tafiya daga lambun turancin gargajiya na gargajiya zuwa gonakin gona na zamani na nuna tasirin kiwo akan zaɓuɓɓukan azanci. Fuggle Tetraploid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka bambance-bambancen hop. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna kula da ƙamshin gado yayin da suka dace da buƙatun girbin injiniyoyi da tsarin samar da Amurka. A sakamakon haka, masu shayarwa za su iya samun daidaitattun ƙamshi na ƙamshi wanda ya dace da bukatun girke-girke na zamani.

Bayanan Botanical na hop genetics da ploidy

Hops tsire-tsire ne na dioecious, tare da maza da mata daban-daban. Cones na mata suna haɓaka glandar lupulin da ake amfani da su wajen yin giya lokacin da ba a gurbata su ba. Kowane iri na hop yana wakiltar mahaɗin halitta na musamman daga pollen da ovule.

Daidaitaccen nau'in nau'in Humulus lupulus diploid ne, yana ɗauke da chromosomes 20 kowace tantanin halitta. Wannan tushen tushen yana rinjayar kiwo, kuzari, da kuma haɗin mahadi a cikin mazugi.

Masu kiwon kiwo suna sarrafa ploidy a cikin hops don canza halaye kamar rashin iri, girman mazugi, da sunadarai. Maganin Colchicine na iya ninka chromosomes don ƙirƙirar layin tetraploid tare da chromosomes 40. Ketare tetraploid tare da diploid yana haifar da zuriya ta uku tare da kusan chromosomes 30.

Tsirrai na Triploid sau da yawa ba su da lafiya, wanda ke rage samar da iri kuma yana iya tattara mai da acid. Misalai sun haɗa da Willamette, zuriya mai sau uku daga tetraploid Fuggle da aka haye tare da ƙwayar diploid. Ultra tetraploid ne wanda ya haifar da colchicine wanda aka samu daga hannun Hallertau.

Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na canza ploidy a cikin hops sun haɗa da canje-canje a matakan alpha acid, bayanan mai da guduro, da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Fahimtar kwayoyin halitta na hop yana taimaka wa masu shayarwa hari Humulus lupulus chromosome kirga don cimma burin noma da noma.

• Diploid: 20 chromosomes; daidaitattun siffofin noma.
• Tetraploid: 40 chromosomes; halitta ta chromosome ninki biyu don canza halaye.
• Triploid: ~ 30 chromosomes; sakamakon tetraploid × diploid crosses, sau da yawa mara iri.

Masanin kimiyya a cikin wani farar rigar lab yana duba hop cones a cikin filin hop kore. Karin bayani

Tarihin Fuggle: daga lambunan Kent zuwa tasirin duniya

Tafiya ta Fuggle ta fara ne a Horsmonden, Kent, a cikin 1861. Wata shukar daji ta ja hankalin masu noman gida. Daga nan Richard Fuggle ya tallata nau'ikan iri a cikin 1875. Wannan asalin ya samo asali ne a cikin wani ƙaramin lambun Kent da masu noman ra'ayi na zamanin Victoria.

Kent hops ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara halin Fuggle. Ruwan Wealden da ke kewaye da Horsmonden ya ba da sabon cizo. Wannan ya bambanta da Gabashin Kent Goldings da aka shuka akan ƙasa mai alli. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya taimaka wajen ayyana al'adun hop na Birtaniyya da kuma abubuwan da masu shayarwa ke nema don al'adun gargajiya.

Kwalejin Wye da masu shayarwa kamar Ernest Salmon sun fara shirye-shiryen kiwo a farkon karni na 20. Ƙoƙarinsu ya haifar da gicciye na niyya kamar Zinariya ta Brewer da kuma tace cultivars da yawa. Duk da waɗannan ci gaban, asalin Fuggle ya sa shi daraja don ƙamshi da juriya na cututtuka.

Fuggle ya zama iyaye a yawancin layukan kiwo. Kwayoyin halittarsa sun yi tasiri iri iri kamar Willamette. Hakanan ya taka rawa a shirye-shiryen transatlantic waɗanda suka samar da Cascade da Centennial. Wannan gado yana haɗa tarihin Fuggle zuwa babban labarin hops da ke yaduwa a duniya.

Tasirin Fuggle a cikin al'adun hop na Biritaniya yana bayyana a cikin masana'antar sana'a da hada-hadar kasuwanci. Masu shayarwa suna ci gaba da amfani da waɗannan hops na Kent don halayen Ingilishi na yau da kullun, zurfin ƙamshi, da alaƙa da al'adun noma na yankin.

Haɓaka tetraploid Fuggle a USDA da OSU

A cikin 1967, wani gagarumin ƙoƙarin kiwo na USDA OSU ya canza kiwo na Fuggle. Dokta Al Haunold a Jami'ar Jihar Oregon ya yi amfani da colchicine don ninka chromosomes hop. Wannan tsari ya canza tsire-tsire diploid Fuggle zuwa tetraploids tare da chromosomes 40.

Manufar ci gaban tetraploid Fuggle shine a riƙe ƙamshin Fuggle na yau da kullun yayin inganta halayen filin. Masu kiwo sun nemi mafi girman amfanin gona, ingantacciyar dacewar girbin inji, da matakan alpha-acid wanda ya dace da ka'idojin noman kasuwancin Amurka.

Bayan ƙirƙirar layin tetraploid, shirin ya ketare su da diploid Fuggle seedlings. Wannan giciye ya samar da zaɓuka uku, galibi marasa iri tare da manyan mazugi. Bayanan shiga USDA sun lissafa tetraploid Fuggle a matsayin USDA 21003 kuma lura Willamette a matsayin zaɓi na 6761-117 daga giciye 1967 tare da haɗin USDA 21041.

USDA OSU hop kiwo hade cytogenetics tare da m manufa. Hop chromosome ninki biyu ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar sabbin matakan ploidy. Waɗannan sun adana bayanan azanci na Fuggle yayin ƙara ƙarfin aikin gona. Masu kiwo sun bayyana sakamakon a matsayin Fuggle da aka inganta ta kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya dace da samar da Amurka ta zamani.

Waɗannan sakamakon kiwo sun yi tasiri ga sakewar kasuwanci daga baya da zaɓin da masu noma da masu shayarwa ke amfani da su. Hanyar ta nuna yadda chromosome da ke haifar da colchicine da aka yi niyya da tsallaka hankali zai iya canza nau'in gado. Ya sa ya fi dacewa da manyan buƙatun Amurka da noma.

Willamette da sauran zuriya: sakamako masu amfani na Fuggle tetraploids

Fuggle tetraploid kiwo ya kawo sauyi ga samar da hop na Amurka ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin iyaye don iri. USDA da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon sun yi aiki tare don ƙirƙirar layukan da suka dace da buƙatun acreage na Amurka da zaɓin mashaya. Wannan ƙoƙarin ya canza ƙamshin turaren Biritaniya ya zama amfanin gona na Amurka.

Willamette hops ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye na wannan aikin, wanda aka saki a cikin 1976. Masu girbi a Oregon sun karbe shi da sauri don ƙamshi mai kama da Turanci Fuggle da kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa. Wannan ya sanya Willamette ya zama babban jigo a cikin Amurka, yana faɗaɗa shuka a cikin kwarin Willamette.

Kiwo kuma ya haifar da haɓaka zuriyar Fuggle tare da amfani iri-iri. Tsarin Cascade, wanda ya koma shekarun 1950, ya ƙunshi Fuggle da Serebrianka. Wannan ya haifar da sakin Cascade na 1972. Yawancin ƙamshi na zamani, gami da Centennial, sun koma Fuggle a cikin zuriyarsu.

Waɗannan sakamakon sun haifar da ingantattun agronomics da fayyace ainihin kasuwa ga masu sana'ar giya na Amurka. Maganin Tetraploid ya ba masu shayarwa damar mai da hankali kan jurewar cututtuka, yawan amfanin ƙasa, da kwanciyar hankali. Daga baya an sayar da wasu clones na Amurka a ƙarƙashin sanannun sunayen Turai, suna haifar da rudani game da asali da inganci.

• Sakamakon kiwo: Nau'in ƙamshi tare da mafi kyawun yawan amfanin ƙasa da dacewa da yanki.
• Tasirin kasuwanci: Willamette hops ya maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki da tallafawa samarwa na cikin gida.
• Bayanin layi na layi: Kascade pedigree da sauran layi sun kiyaye halayen Fuggle yayin ƙara halayen Amurka.

Waɗannan sakamakon sun sake fasalin samar da hop da zaɓin giya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Masu shayarwa yanzu suna da amintattun hanyoyin gida waɗanda ke tuntuɓar kwayoyin halittar Ingilishi na yau da kullun. Wannan cakuda dandano na gargajiya da ayyukan noman Sabon Duniya ya zama alamar noman zamani.

Kamshi da bayanin martaba na Fuggle Tetraploid hops

Fuggle Tetraploid kamshin turanci ne, tare da mai da hankali kan ƙasa. Yana kawo ma'anar damshin ƙasa, ganye, da bushewar ɗanɗanon ganye. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana ba da giya ba tare da ƙara zaƙi ba.

Dadin hop ɗin yana ƙara haɗawa da itace da bayanin ganye masu ɗaci. A matsayin hop na tushe, yana tallafawa malt kuma yana ƙara ɗanɗano mai daɗi ga al'adun gargajiya.

Zuriya kamar Willamette suna ƙara yaji na fure da bayanin kula na 'ya'yan itace masu haske. Binciken Willamette ya nuna jimlar mai kusa da 0.8-1.2 ml/100 g. Myrcene ya mamaye, tare da humulene, caryophyllene, da farnesene suna ƙara ƙamshi mai rikitarwa.

Ta'addanci da kiwo suna rinjayar dandano na ƙarshe. Fuggle mai girma na Kent yana da sautin ƙasa mai tsafta daga ƙasan yumbu na Wealden. Layukan da ke girma a Amurka galibi suna da haske mai haske na fure da ƙarancin bayanan citrus daga kwarin Willamette.

Yin amfani da Fuggle Tetraploid ƙanshi shine duk game da daidaituwa. Yana da manufa ga masu neman hops na ƙasa a matsayin kashin baya. Don ƙarin bayanin kula na fure, haɗa shi da Willamette don haɓaka yaji ba tare da rasa ƙasa ba.

• Na farko: hops na ƙasa da busassun bayanan ganye
• Na biyu: itace, ganyaye masu ɗaci, da 'ya'yan itace masu laushi
• Bambanci: bayanin kula na kayan yaji na fure a cikin zuriyar Amurka

Duban kusa na sabon Fuggle Tetraploid hop cones a cikin mai da hankali sosai tare da bango mai laushi. Karin bayani

Halaye masu ɗaci da jeri na alpha/beta acid

Hops na gargajiya na Turanci, irin su Fuggle da Goldings, sun shahara saboda daidaitaccen ɗacinsu. Fuggle's alpha acids sun faɗi cikin matsakaicin matsakaici, suna nuna ƙimar su cikin ƙamshi a kan ɗaci.

A Amurka da Burtaniya, masu kiwon dabbobi sun sami nasarar haɓaka abun ciki na resin hop. Manufar su ita ce haɓaka alpha acid kaɗan yayin da suke adana takamaiman mai na ƙamshin Fuggle.

Iri masu alaƙa, kamar Willamette, yawanci suna da jeri na alpha acid daga kashi 4 zuwa 6.5. Beta acid yawanci kewayo daga 3.5 zuwa 4.5 bisa dari. Bayanan USDA yana bayyana wasu sauye-sauye, tare da ƙimar alpha na Willamette lokaci-lokaci suna kaiwa zuwa kashi 11. Beta acid na iya bambanta daga 2.9 zuwa 5.0 bisa dari a wasu shekaru.

Cohumulone yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance ingancin ɗaci. Layukan da aka samu na Willamette da Fuggle gabaɗaya suna da matsakaicin matakan cohumulone, sau da yawa tsakanin manyan 20s zuwa tsakiyar 30s bisa dari na jimlar alpha. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ɗanɗano mai laushi, mafi zagaye dacin idan aka kwatanta da hops tare da babban cohumulone.

• Alfa acid: matsakaici a cikin nau'ikan Fuggle na gargajiya, yawanci 4-7% a cikin zaɓin tetraploid.
• Beta acid: taimakawa wajen tsufa kwanciyar hankali da ƙanshi; yawanci 3-4.5% a cikin cultivars masu alaƙa.
• Cohumulone: babban juzu'in alpha wanda ke rinjayar cizo da santsi.
• Abun ciki na guduro na Hop: haɗe-haɗe resins suna ƙayyade ƙimar ɗaci da ƙima.

Ga masu shayarwa, daidaitaccen ɗacin hop yana da mahimmanci fiye da ƙimar ƙima. Zaɓin Fuggle tetraploid ko Willamette clones yana ba masu shayarwa damar ƙara dacin da aka auna yayin riƙe ƙamshin turanci na gargajiya.

Halayen Agronomic: yawan amfanin ƙasa, juriya na cututtuka, da halayen girbi

Canji zuwa tetraploid hop agronomics ya inganta aikin filin sosai, yana zana daga layin Fuggle. Masu noma suna ƙididdige yawan amfanin Willamette da kyau sosai, tare da jeri na gama gari kusa da 1,700-2,200 lbs a kowace kadada ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa. Bayanai daga 1980s da 1990s suna ba da haske game da faɗaɗa saurin girma da girma duka. Wannan yana nuna ingantaccen ƙarfi da girbi na waɗannan nau'ikan.

Halin shuka da tsayin hannu na gefe suna da mahimmanci don tsara girbi na inji. Willamette yana samar da hannun gefe na kusan inci 24-40 kuma ya kai matsakaicin balaga. Waɗannan halayen suna sauƙaƙe lokaci kuma suna rage asarar amfanin gona, wanda ke da mahimmanci yayin daidaita ma'aikata da injuna yayin gajeriyar tagogin girbi.

Juriyar cuta shine babban fifiko a cikin kiwo. Tetraploid hop agronomics ya haɗa da zaɓi don ingantacciyar juriya ga cututtuka ga mildew mai ƙasa da juriya ga Verticillium wilt. Kiwo na tarihi a Kwalejin Wye, USDA, da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon an yi niyya don jurewa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cutar. Wannan ya haifar da layukan da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta na mosaic gama gari.

Masu girbin injina sun nuna ƙalubale ga tsofaffin nau'ikan Fuggle saboda furanni masu laushi da mafi girman iri. Juyin tetraploid ya yi niyya don haɓaka daidaiton injin girbi ta hanyar samar da mazugi masu yawa da kuma ƙaƙƙarfan gine-ginen shuke-shuke. Wannan canjin ya rage lalacewar mazugi da ingantacciyar kulawa yayin ɗauka da sarrafawa.

Kwanciyar hankali na ajiya da sarrafa bayan girbi yana tasiri sosai ga darajar kasuwanci. Willamette yana nuna kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na ajiya, kiyaye ƙamshi da bayanan martaba lokacin da aka bushe kuma an tattara su daidai. Wannan kwanciyar hankali yana goyan bayan rarrabuwar kawuna a kasuwannin Amurka kuma ya yi daidai da ka'idojin samar da kasuwanci.

Zaɓuɓɓukan masu aikin noma suna tasiri ta wurin aiki da gudanarwa. Lafiyar ƙasa, tsarin trellis, da haɗin gwiwar sarrafa kwari suna haifar da sakamako na ƙarshe don yawan amfanin ƙasa da juriyar cuta. Manoman da ke daidaita waɗannan abubuwan sun kasance suna ganin mafi kyawun dawowa daga tetraploid hop agronomics da mafi sauƙi tare da dacewa da injin girbi.

Filin hop mai ƙanƙara mai ɗorewa mai ƙwanƙwasa koren bines, cikakkun mazugi na hop a gaba, da layukan maɗaukaki masu miƙewa zuwa tsaunuka masu birgima. Karin bayani

Tasirin ta'addanci na yanki: kwatancen Kent da Willamette Valley

Ƙasa, sauyin yanayi, da ayyukan gida suna tasiri sosai ga ta'addanci. Ƙasar alli ta Gabashin Kent da inuwar ruwan sama suna haifar da yanayi na musamman. Anan, lokacin rani yana da dumi, lokacin sanyi yana da sanyi, kuma iska mai ɗauke da gishiri suna ƙara bayanin kula na teku zuwa Kent hops.

Fuggle da Gabashin Kent Goldings sun misalta yadda ta'addanci ke tasiri ga ƙamshi. Zinariya daga Gabashin Kent galibi suna da dumi, zuma, da busassun bayanan kayan yaji. Sabanin haka, Fuggle daga Weald, wanda aka girma akan yumbu mai nauyi, yana ɗanɗano sabo kuma yana da kyau.

Willamette Valley hops yana nuna yanayi na musamman. Ƙasar Oregon da mafi ƙanƙanta, lokacin girma mai laushi suna haɓaka furci da furcin mai. Shirye-shiryen kiwo na Amurka a Jami'ar Jihar Oregon da USDA sun mayar da hankali kan nau'ikan da ke riƙe da ƙamshi mai kama da Fuggle yayin da suka dace da matsa lamba na gida da nau'in ƙasa.

Daidaita yanayin yanki na iya canza alpha acid da ma'aunin mai mai mahimmanci. Wannan motsi yana bayyana bambance-bambancen dandano na yanki tsakanin Kent-girma da kayan girma na Willamette. Masu shayarwa suna lura da waɗannan sauye-sauye lokacin zabar hops don ƙamshi ko ayyuka masu ɗaci.

• Gabashin Kent: alli, inuwar ruwan sama, iskar gishiri - dumi, zuma da yaji a Gabashin Kent Goldings.
• Weald na Kent: kasa lãka - mafi tsabta, crisper Fuggle hali.
• Kwarin Willamette: Ƙasar Oregon da yanayi - ƙarin furanni da 'ya'yan itace a cikin Willamette Valley hops.

Fahimtar hop terroir yana taimaka wa masu shayarwa wajen yin hasashen yadda hop zai bayyana mai da dandanon giya. Bambance-bambancen dandano na yanki yana da mahimmanci yayin maye gurbin Kent hops da Willamette Valley hops ko akasin haka.

Aikace-aikacen Brewing: salo, jadawali, da maye gurbinsu

Fuggle Tetraploid ya dace da al'adar ales na Biritaniya, inda bayanansa na ƙasa da na ganye ke daɗaɗa zaƙi. Ana amfani da shi don daidaitaccen ɗaci da ƙari na marigayi don haɓaka ƙamshi. Lokacin yin burodi, yi niyya don ƙaramar ƙimar alpha-acid don kiyaye daidaito da kiyaye yanayin itace.

A cikin sana'a na Amurka, ana amfani da Willamette sau da yawa a madadin Fuggle Tetraploid. Yana ba da wadata mai tsabta da sautin fure mai ɗan haske. Willamette yana kawo irin wannan ƙasa tare da taɓawa da ƙarin fure da yaji, yana mai da shi manufa don al'adun turanci na gargajiya bitters, milds, da launin ruwan kasa.

Lokacin shirya jadawali, la'akari da sakamakon da kuke so. Yi amfani da abubuwan da ake tarawa da wuri don ɗacin kashin baya, tsakiyar tafasa don siffanta ɗanɗano, da kuma tukwane mai ƙarewa, whirlpool, ko bushe-bushe don ƙamshi. Don giya na zaman, fi son ƙarin ƙari da ƙananan IBUs don nuna ƙamshin hop ba tare da rinjayar malt ba.

Don lagers da matasan ales, ɗauki hops da aka samo daga Fuggle azaman manufa biyu. Yi amfani da ƙananan caji mai ɗaci kuma ajiye yawancin hop don ƙamshi. Wannan yana adana ɓangarorin ganye da na fure waɗanda zasu iya zurfafa rikitar lager ba tare da ƙara ɗaci ba.

Jagoran musanya yana da amfani: musanya Fuggle don Willamette a rabo ɗaya zuwa ɗaya lokacin ƙanshi shine fifiko. Don bayanin martaba na fure mai haske, la'akari Hallertau ko Liberty azaman madadin zaɓin ƙanshi. Daidaita ƙara lokaci dangane da bambance-bambancen alpha-acid, ba kawai nauyi ba.

• Hacirin al'ada: 60-75% kari na farko, saura marigayi don ƙanshi.
• Ales mai da hankali kan kamshi: guguwa mai nauyi da bushe-bushe tare da ƙaramin caji na farko mai ɗaci.
• Jadawalin haɗaɗɗiyar: raba kari a farkon farawa, tsakiya, da magudanar ruwa don gina kayan yaji da bayanin ƙasa.

Kiwo na tetraploid na kasuwanci da nufin haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa da rage iri, yin shayarwa tare da Fuggle Tetraploid mafi daidaito ga manyan masu kera. Jadawalin hopping na zamani galibi suna sanya abubuwan Fuggle a ƙarshen dafa abinci da wuraren bugu don haɓaka ƙamshi yayin kiyaye ƙimar ƙamshi mai ɗaci.

Brewer silhoueted a kan dumi haske yana ƙara hops zuwa tukwane na jan karfe a cikin gidan brewhouse Karin bayani

Samar da kasuwanci da samuwa a cikin Amurka

An fara samar da Willamette a cikin 1976 kuma ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri a Oregon. An jawo masu shuka zuwa halaye na musamman, gami da cones marasa iri da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Waɗannan halayen sun dace don girbi na injiniyoyi.

A 1986, Willamette ya rufe kusan kadada 2,100, yana samar da kusan fam miliyan 3.4. Wannan ya kai kusan kashi 6.9% na fitowar hop na Amurka. Shahararriyar iri-iri ta ci gaba da girma har cikin 1990s.

A cikin 1997, Willamette ya zama nau'in hop na uku da aka shuka a Amurka Ya rufe kusan kadada 7,578 kuma ya ba da fam miliyan 11.144. Wannan ya nuna gagarumin ci gaba a samar da hop na Amurka.

Hanyoyin hop acreage na Amurka suna nuna tasirin buƙatun kasuwa da sabbin cultivars. USDA da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon sun kasance mabuɗin don haɓaka waɗannan sabbin nau'ikan. Ayyukansu sun sa zaɓen tetraploid da triploid daga hannun jarin Ingilishi ya zama gama gari.

Samuwar nau'ikan Hop yana canzawa kowace shekara kuma ya bambanta ta yanki. Kamfanoni kamar Yakima Chief Ranches, John I. Haas, da CLS Farms suna taka rawa sosai wajen rarraba waɗannan nau'ikan. Suna taimakawa wajen sanya Willamette da ire-iren ire-iren ire-iren ire-iren su samun damar masu shayarwa.

USDA ta lissafa Willamette a matsayin cultivar kasuwanci ba tare da hani ba. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa don masu noma da masu rarrabawa suyi aiki tare da iri-iri.

• Ɗaukaka mai girma: girbin injina wanda aka fi so da nau'ikan tetraploid.
• Rabon kasuwa: Willamette ya zama babban jigon ƙamshin hops a yawancin wuraren sayar da giya na Amurka.
• Rarraba: nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri uku sun inganta kasuwancin Fuggle tetraploid samuwa a cikin ƙasa.

Masu shayarwa yakamata su tsara odar su da kyau a gaba don Willamette hops. Bukatar yanki da sauye-sauye na shekara-shekara na iya yin tasiri ga samuwa da farashi. Sa ido kan rahotannin hop acreage na Amurka na iya taimakawa hasashen waɗannan abubuwan.

Laboratory da ingantattun ma'auni don masu siye da masu shayarwa

Ma'auni na Lab Hop suna da mahimmanci don yanke shawarar da aka sani a duka siye da shayarwa. Dakunan gwaje-gwaje suna ba da sakamakon gwajin alpha acid, wanda ke nuna ƙarfin hop na ɗaci. Masu shayarwa sun dogara da wannan bayanan don ƙididdige adadin da ake bukata na hops don cimma burin da suke so na Ƙungiyoyin Bitterness na Duniya (IBU).

Lokacin kimanta hops, masu siye kuma suna mai da hankali kan jimillar mai da abun da ke ciki. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don tsinkayar tasirin ƙanshin hop. Kaso na myrcene, humulene, caryophyllene, da farnesene sune mabuɗin don tantance halin rigar-hop da tsarawa don ƙarin bushe-hop.

Cohumulone, wani ɓangaren alpha acid, wani ma'aunin sha'awa ne. Yawancin masu shayarwa sun yi imani da su don taimakawa wajen daɗaɗɗen haushi. Ana kwatanta wannan halayyar sau da yawa lokacin kimantawa Willamette hops da sauran nau'ikan da aka samo daga Fuggle.

Hanyoyi masu mahimmanci don nazarin hops sun haɗa da hanyar ASBC spectrophotometric da gas chromatography don abun da ke ciki. Amintattun dakunan gwaje-gwaje suna ba da cikakken hoto ta hanyar haɗa gwajin alpha acid tare da adadin cohumulone da cikakken bayanin mai.

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Willamette hops sun nuna daidaitattun matakan alpha acid kusa da 6.6% da beta acid a kusa da 3.8%. Jimlar mai sun kasance daga 0.8 zuwa 1.2 ml / 100 g. Myrcene, mafi rinjayen mai, an ruwaito tsakanin 30% zuwa 51%, dangane da tushen.

Kula da ingancin Hop ya ƙunshi duka nazarin sinadarai da lafiyar shuka. Masu ba da kayayyaki da cibiyoyi kamar USDA da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon sun tabbatar da matsayin marasa ƙwayoyin cuta, ainihin iri, da daidaitattun ma'auni na lab don kowane shiga hop.

Matakai masu dacewa don masu siye sun haɗa da:

• Yin bitar takaddun gwajin alpha acid don tabbatar da ƙarfi mai ɗaci.
• Kwatanta kashi na cohumulone don tsammanin halin ɗaci.
• Yin nazarin jimlar mai da adadin myrcene don tsara ƙamshi.
• Neman ƙwayar cuta da gwajin cuta azaman ɓangare na kula da ingancin hop.

Shirye-shiryen kiwo suna nufin daidaita alpha acid don ƙimar kiyayewa tare da bayanan mai don ƙamshi. An rubuta wannan ma'auni a cikin bayanan USDA da jami'a, yana taimaka wa masu siye don tantance daidaito a cikin girbi.

Gadon Kiwo: Fuggle Tetraploid hops yana tasiri akan nau'ikan zamani

Fuggle ya samar da tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya kai yawancin cultivars na zamani. Masu kiwo a Kwalejin Wye, USDA, da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon sun yi amfani da kwayoyin halittar Fuggle da Golding. Sun yi niyya don ƙirƙirar layi tare da mafi girma acid acid da kuma ƙarfi jure cututtuka. Wannan tasirin kiwo na hop yana nunawa cikin ƙamshi, yawan amfanin ƙasa, da halayen juriya a cikin yankuna.

Willamette ya tsaya a matsayin tabbataccen misali na gadon Fuggle a Amurka. An ƙirƙira daga haja masu alaƙa da Fuggle kuma an daidaita shi don acreage na Amurka, Willamette ya ba da rashin iri, tsayayyen amfanin gona, da ƙamshi mai karewa. Masu shukawa sun karbe shi azaman maye gurbin Fuggle mai amfani, siffar hop acreage da bayanin martabar dandanon giya.

Juyawar Tetraploid da dabarun triploid sun motsa ƙamshin Fuggle masu kyawawa zuwa nau'ikan kasuwanci masu dacewa. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun taimaka wajen gyara halaye irin su na fure da na ƙasa yayin da suke haɓaka aikin gona. Tsarin hop daga waɗannan shirye-shiryen yana ƙarfafa yawancin nau'ikan hop iri na zamani.

Irin nau'in hop na zamani na nuna zaɓin da gangan don buƙatun masu sana'a. Cascade da Centennial sun gano wani ɓangare na labarin kwayoyin halittarsu zuwa layukan Turai na gargajiya waɗanda suka haɗa da tasirin Fuggle. Wannan zuriyar ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa wasu iyalai na ƙamshi sukan sake fitowa daga kololuwa zuwa ɗaci na gargajiya.

Masu kiwo suna ci gaba da hako kwayoyin halittar Fuggle da aka samu don jure cututtuka da kwanciyar hankali. Giciyen da ke ci gaba da nufin haɗa halayen Fuggle na yau da kullun tare da halayen da suka dace don samarwa masu girma. Sakamakon tasirin kiwo na hop yana kiyaye bayanan al'ada da suka dace a cikin sana'a na yau da kasuwannin giya na kasuwanci.

Kammalawa

Ƙarshen Fuggle Tetraploid yana ba da haske ga juyin halitta na ƙamshin turanci na yau da kullun zuwa kayan aiki na zamani. Ƙanshinsa mai ƙamshin ƙasa, tsayayye ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin al'adun gargajiya. Kiwon Tetraploid ya kiyaye waɗannan halaye, inganta alpha acid, rashin iri, da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Wannan ya sa Fuggle ya dace da masu sana'a da masu sana'a na kasuwanci.

Takaitaccen bayanin kiwo hop yana nuna ayyukan USDA da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon. Sun canza diploid Fuggle genetics zuwa layin tetraploid, haifar da zuriya ta uku kamar Willamette. Takaitaccen bayanin Willamette yana bayyana nasarar sa: yana ba da ƙamshi irin na Fuggle tare da ingantattun kayan aikin gona. Ya zama maɓalli na ƙamshi na Amurka, wanda ya dace da ta'addanci na yanki da kuma samarwa mai girma.

Abubuwan shayarwa sun bayyana a fili ga masu shayarwa masu neman ƙamshi mai ƙamshi waɗanda ke haɗa al'ada tare da daidaito. Tetraploid cultivars da aka samu suna ba da bayanin kula irin na Fuggle yayin da ake magance buƙatun zamani. Suna tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na alpha, haƙurin cututtuka, da girbi abin dogaro. Wannan ya sa su dace don ƙirar girke-girke da kayan marmari, haɗa dandano na gado tare da buƙatun wadata na zamani.

Karin Karatu

Idan kuna jin daɗin wannan sakon, kuna iya kuma son waɗannan shawarwari:

• Hops a cikin Brewing: Huell Melon
• Hops a cikin Brewing: Feux-Coeur
• Hops a cikin Brewing: Pacific Jade